Education Reform in Japan essays

Education Reform in Japan essays The Need for Reform in Japanese Education One of the most debated issues in modern Japan is education reform. Japan is world renowned for its demanding education requirements and high academic standards. In response to modernization after World War II, the Japanese made substantial changes to their education system: high schools and universities were built, technological research was encouraged, and compulsory education was strictly enforced. However, these advances have come at a price. The Japanese school schedule is long and tedious; schools run for fourteen hours a day, six days a week, 250 days a year. Further more, students attend juku, or cram schools, to prepare for jukenjigoku, or Examination Hell; deal with daily ijime, bullying; and face an insurmountable amount of pressure from their parents, teachers and peers to conform to strict societal rules and standards. Japans education system needs reform that addresses these issues, and eases the tremendous amount of stress that students face on a daily basis. The most important reason to reform Japanese education is the stress it puts on students. Educators spend a majority of their time occupied with academics, which leaves little time for teaching basic human values or providing options to outlet students stress. Ijime, Japanese bullying, is one of the consequences of the intense environment at Japanese schools. Victims of ijime face water torture, daily beatings, and terrifying threats. The bullying reflects the extreme academic competition and the fact that Japanese educators spend more time teaching mindless facts than human values. Nakasone, a political leader in Japan, blames the educators for the rise in moral delinquency among youth. He points out that as a result of the effort to academically keep ahead of the western world, teachers are failing to instill the traditional Japanese principles of respect and discipline (Schoppa 1). Others point to ...

John Buford in the Civil War

John Buford in the Civil War Major General John Buford was a noted cavalry officer in the Union Army during the Civil War. Though from a slave-holding family in Kentucky, he elected to remain loyal to the Union when fighting began in 1861. Buford distinguished himself at the Second Battle of Manassas and later held several important cavalry positions in the Army of the Potomac. He is best remembered for the role he played during the early phases of the Battle of Gettysburg. Arriving in the town, his division held critical high ground north and ensured that the Army of the Potomac possessed the critical hills south of Gettysburg. Early Life John Buford was born March 4, 1826, near Versailles, KY and was the first son of John and Anne Bannister Buford. In 1835, his mother died from cholera and the family moved to Rock Island, IL. Descended from a long line of military men, the young Buford soon proved himself a skilled rider and a gifted marksmen. At the age of fifteen, he traveled to Cincinnati to work with his older half-brother on an Army Corps of Engineers project on the Licking River. While there, he attended Cincinnati College before expressing a desire to attend West Point. After year at Knox College, he was accepted to the academy in 1844. Fast Facts: Major General John Buford Rank: GeneralService: US/Union ArmyNickname: Old SteadfastBorn: March 4, 1826 in Woodford County, KYDied: December 16, 1863 in Washington, DCParents: John and Anne Bannister BufordSpouse: Martha (Pattie) McDowell DukeConflicts: Civil WarKnown For: Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville, Brandy Station, and Battle of Gettysburg. Becoming a Soldier Arriving at West Point, Buford proved himself a competent and determined student. Pressing through the course of study, he graduated 16th of 38 in the Class of 1848. Requesting service in the cavalry, Buford was commissioned into the First Dragoons as a brevet second lieutenant. His stay with the regiment was brief as he was soon transferred to the newly-formed Second Dragoons in 1849. Serving on the frontier, Buford took part in several campaigns against the Indians and was appointed regimental quartermaster in 1855. The following year he distinguished himself at the Battle of Ash Hollow against the Sioux. After aiding in peace-keeping efforts during the Bleeding Kansas crisis, Buford took part in the Mormon Expedition under Colonel Albert S. Johnston. Posted to Fort Crittenden, UT in 1859, Buford, now a captain, studied the works of military theorists, such as John Watts de Peyster, who advocated for replacing the traditional line of battle with the skirmish line. He also became an adherent of the belief that cavalry should fight dismounted as mobile infantry rather than charge into battle. Buford was still at Fort Crittenden in 1861 when the Pony Express brought word of the attack on Fort Sumter. The Civil War Begins With the beginning of the Civil War, Buford was approached by the Governor of Kentucky regarding taking a commission to fight for the South. Though from a slave-holding family, Buford believed his duty was to the United States and flatly refused. Traveling east with his regiment, he reached Washington, DC and was appointed assistant inspector general with the rank of major in November 1861. Buford remained in this backwater post until Major General John Pope, a friend from the prewar army, rescued him in June 1862. Promoted to brigadier general, Buford was given command of the II Corps Cavalry Brigade in Popes Army of Virginia. That August, Buford was one of a few Union officers to distinguish themselves during the Second Manassas Campaign. In the weeks leading to the battle, Buford provided Pope with timely and vital intelligence. On August 30, as Union forces were collapsing at Second Manassas, Buford led his men in a desperate fight at Lewis Ford to buy Pope time to retreat. Personally leading a charge forward, he was wounded in the knee by a spent bullet. Though painful, it was not a serious injury.​​​ Army of the Potomac While he recovered, Buford was named Chief of Cavalry for Major General George McClellans Army of the Potomac. A largely administrative position, he was in this capacity at the Battle of Antietam in September 1862. Kept in his post by Major General Ambrose Burnside he was present at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13. In the wake of the defeat, Burnside was relieved and Major General Joseph Hooker took command of the army. Returning Buford to the field, Hooker gave him command of the Reserve Brigade, 1st Division, Cavalry Corps. Buford first saw action in his new command during the Chancellorsville Campaign as part Major General George Stonemans raid into Confederate territory. Though the raid itself failed to achieve its objectives, Buford performed well. A hands-on commander, Buford was often found near the front lines encouraging his men. Old Steadfast Recognized as one of the top cavalry commanders in either army, his comrades referred to him as Old Steadfast. With Stonemans failure, Hooker relieved the cavalry commander. While he considered the reliable, quiet Buford for the post, he instead selected the flashier Major General Alfred Pleasonton. Hooker later stated that he felt that made a mistake in overlooking Buford. As part of the reorganization of the Cavalry Corps, Buford was given command of the 1st Division. In this role, he commanded the right wing of Pleasontons attack on Major General J.E.B. Stuarts Confederate cavalry at Brandy Station on June 9, 1863. In a day-long fight, Bufords men succeeded in driving back the enemy before Pleasonton ordered a general withdrawal. In the following weeks, Bufords division provided key intelligence regarding Confederate movements north and frequently clashed with Confederate cavalry. Gettysburg Entering Gettysburg, PA on June 30, Buford realized that the high ground south of the town would be key in any battle fought in the area. Knowing that any combat involving his division would be a delaying action, he dismounted and posted his troopers on the low ridges north and northwest of town with the goal of buying time for the army to come up and occupy the heights. Attacked the next morning by Confederate forces, his outnumbered men fought a two and half hour holding action which allowed for Major General John Reynolds I Corps to arrive on the field. As the infantry took over the fight, Bufords men covered their flanks. On July 2, Bufords division patrolled the southern part of the battlefield before being withdrawn by Pleasanton. Bufords keen eye for terrain and tactical awareness on July 1 secured for the Union the position from which they would win the Battle of Gettysburg and turn the tide of the war. In the days following the Union victory, Bufords men pursued General Robert E. Lees army south as it withdrew to Virginia. Final Months Though only 37, Bufords relentless style of command was hard on his body and by mid-1863 he suffered severely from rheumatism. Though he frequently needed assistance mounting his horse, he often remained in the saddle all day. Buford continued to effectively lead the 1st Division through the fall and the inconclusive Union campaigns at Bristoe and Mine Run. On November 20, Buford was forced to leave the field due to an increasingly severe case of typhoid. This forced him to turn down an offer from Major General William Rosecrans to take over the Army of the Cumberlands cavalry. Traveling to Washington, Buford stayed at the home of George Stoneman. With his condition worsening, his former commander appealed to President Abraham Lincoln for a deathbed promotion to major general. Lincoln agreed and Buford was informed in his final hours. Around 2:00 PM on December 16, Buford died in the arms of his aide Captain Myles Keogh. Following a memorial service in Washington on December 20, Bufords body was transported to West Point for burial. Beloved by his men, the members of his former division contributed to have a large obelisk built over his grave in 1865.

Little house in the war zone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Little house in the war zone - Essay Example Even after the fall of Saddam, the house did not regain its status as it was in a dilapidated condition. In fact, Salbi indicates that the once warm and happy house that carried the hopes and dreams of a family became an execution center, a brothel, and even the Iraqi army used the house for its operations. It seems that the once warm house filled with happiness started having problems after the family welcomed and entertained politicians, no less than the late dictator Saddam Hussein. In my opinion, the family had it coming from the onset after they opened the door for Saddam. Indeed, the welcoming of Saddam and the consequent appointment of Salbi’s father to a position in the government led to the family’s subjection to a public life full of scrutiny from security agents. In effect, this denied the family a private life that they had been accustomed to before welcoming Saddam. Nonetheless, I think the family did not deserve this treatment since they were non-politico. However, a quiet and simple life full of happiness was wrecked with the hopes and dreams of the family wrecked. It is unfortunate to see a house filled with warmth and happiness, which the family extended to their visiting friends change and used in ways that the family could not comprehend. In this case, I think the family stood for all that is virtuous although their house was later used for reasons that were different from the family’s beliefs and principles. Salbi indicates that she could not come to terms with the fact that the house that housed her family’s dreams and hopes once became a brothel. Indeed, the family believed that respect for all human beings was paramount. In addition, I think the family could never imagine that their house would at any one time be a place where men took advantage of women forced into prostitution by

Creating a Decision Making Matrix for Four Restaurant Alternatives Essay

Creating a Decision Making Matrix for Four Restaurant Alternatives - Essay Example Eventually, a two dimensional matrix is generated. Decision matrixes are common in procurement procedures where they are used to choose the best bid among the many proposals that have been received. A decision matrix has four major components which include; criteria, options/alternatives, weights and scores/rating (Hammon, Keeney and Raiffa, 2002). The purpose of this paper is to design a decision matrix and the scores for selecting the best restaurant from among four alternatives A, B, C, D using cost, convenience, service, taste and nutrition as the decision criteria. Creating the matrix The restaurants A, B, C, and D shall be ranked according to the following five criteria; cost, convenience, service, taste and nutrition. These criteria have been selected since they are the major determining factors ion the final decision making regarding the most suitable restaurant. The weights for the criteria are assigned in such a way that the total weight is 1.0. In this case, the weights fo r the criteria are as follows; Cost= 0.30, service=0.25, taste=0.2, convenience= 0.15, nutrition= 0.10. The total for the criteria = 1.0. The criteria ranking for each of the restaurant alternatives A, B, C and D are designed in such a way that the highest rank is 4. The score for each alternative is calculated as follows; Score = (Rating * assigned weight). The total score is obtained from the sum of all the scores. Based on the cost, convenience, service, taste and nutrition criteria, the restaurant options A, B, C, and D are ranked as follows; Criteria Ranking/Ranking Restaurant Options Cost Service Taste Convenience Nutrition A 3 4 1 3 2 B 2 1 2 4 4 C 4 2 3 1 3 D 1 3 4 2 1 The scores are calculated and tabulated as follows; Alternatives A B C D Criteria Weight Rating Score Rating Score Rating Score Rating Score Cost 0.30 3 0.9 2 0.6 4 1.2 1 0.3 Service 0.25 4 1.0 1 0.25 2 0.5 3 0.75 Taste 0.20 1 0.2 3 0.6 3 0.6 4 0.8 Convenience 0.15 3 0.45 4 0.6 3 0.45 2 0.3 Nutrition 0.10 2 0. 2 4 0.4 3 0.3 1 0.1 TOTAL 1.0 13 2.75 14 2.45 15 3.05 11 3.15 NB: Score= Rating* Weight. Explanation of ratings and scores After summing up the ratings for the four restaurant alternatives, alternative C has the highest rating of 15 followed by B with 14 while D has the lowest sum rating of 11. However, when the total scores are calculated from the rating and the weights, D has the highest score of 3.15 while B has the lowest score of 2.45. The total weighting for the criteria was calculated as 1.0. In terms of the cost criteria, restaurant alternative C attains the highest score of 1.2 while D receives the lowest score with a 0.3 score. In terms of service, alternative A receives the highest score with 1.0 while alternative B receives the lowest score with 0.25. Alternative D scores the highest in terms of the taste criteria with a score of 0.8 while A scores the lowest with 0.2. Alternatives B and C receive the same score in terms of convenience though they differ in other criteri a. Alternative B is the best in terms of convenience with a score of 0.6 while alternative D is the worst with a score of 0.3. Alternative A and C attain the same score in terms of convenience with a score of 0.45. In terms of the nutrition criteria which has the lowest weight among the other criteria, alternative B receives the highest score with 0.4 while alternative D receives the lowest with a 0.1 score. Choosing the best alternative The

Harley Davidson Five Forces Analysis Essay Example for Free

Harley Davidson Five Forces Analysis Essay In our present competitive world in the business where customer preferences are continuously changing, prices of raw materials and cost of labour are increasing and global economy is becoming unstable, it is always been a difficult task for companies to stay and perform business. And these barriers have been a familiar scene in the global business. That is why for most companies in order to overcome such of these difficult challenges, innovativeness and the desire to be very critical and most anticipative of the changes in the industry and the whole global economy is highly necessary. Just like for Harley Davidson as the main focus of this study, even though the company currently established itself for being the highly rated motorcycle brand in the world, it is still not enough for the company to be relaxed and feel that they can be profitable and enticing to the market as years goes on. That is why in this paper it will directly focus on how do Harley Davidson’s competitors are doing at the present, what are some of the strategies that they do to compete. With this information about the competitors, how does this information be used by the company in terms of opportunities for them to use it as a strategy against them? Also, making use of this information to handle future threats as well, this is in order for them to anticipate and provide some immediate actions. In the second part of this paper, it will focus on how the company can apply Porters five forces tool in order to continually achieve competitive advantage over its competitors. Also at the second part of this study it will discuss on how motorcycle companies like Harley Davidson, can still earn above average return even though the company falls at the high-end market with more on the luxurious and recreation side and not as necessity for customers. Also, with that, what are the actors or contributors that will lead to that conclusion or will help attain that goal? Study of Harley Davidson’s Major Competitors As the pioneer and one of the oldest known brands in the motorcycle industry in the world, Harley Owners Group has been in the industry since 1983 and due to its growing influence worldwide, it already has over 1,000 chapters and over a million members worldwide. But, not all of its members own a bike; it is only the prestige and respect about the Harley machines that made them decide to be a member. As one of the strength of the company, it has been continually establish its brand as the number one brand in the world, with over 5 billion USD annual revenue annually. In terms of its competitors, the companys main competitors, most specially in terms of design are the following: BMW, Victory, Honda, Suzuki and Yamaha, but among these lists, Honda has become the closest and toughest competitor of Harley Davidsons motorcycles. (Harley Davidson Motorcycle, n. d. ). With the companys main focus on design, quality and most specially durability, it continuously has been in the forefront of the high-end and luxurious motorcycle business in the world. That is also why 80% of the total revenue of the company comes from motorcycle sales. With regards to the company’s competitor, even though the company clearly dominates the American market as its origin, which has registered in the 2006 market share, the company has eaten up half of the market or 50% while far second and third are Honda and Suzuki with 15. 1% and 12. 9% respectively. But the question now is not just the American market but instead what this paper is focusing is what the competitors are doing in the global scene. Which is actually smaller, like for Canadian market, it drops to 38. 4% still relatively high, but what is more alarming and needs to be focus on by the company is on the European market which is only 10. 2%, but still the company has a noticeably high market share globally as it generates at an average of 33%. And this is more alarming because it will also follows that the companys net revenue growth also shows very small in other major regions in the world. With this event, it is necessary for the company that it needs to strengthen its presence in these main regional markets, because in the long run, it will be a problem that the company needs to focus on. The two main reasons why these competitors starting to entice substantial number of customers are: (1) they have greater financial resources, like Honda and Suzuki, with their global presence, they have enough financial support in every region that they operate. Meaning to say these companies knows that they know how to make use of their money in enticing potential customers and retaining current customers as well and they can even compete with price and that will soon be a serious problem with Harley Davidson, since the competition is on how to innovate with technologically funded studies that will still provide quality as well as make the product still not that so expensive. Lastly, (2) these companies, like Honda and Suzuki are obviously more diverse than Harley Davidson; they sell a lot of products with a lot of brands and choices that customers can choose, from cars, to simple scooters up to high-end luxurious brands of motorbikes and not only that with wide variety of choices to choose from. This is another serious problem by the company in the long run, since these competitors knows how they can be well-trusted by the customers and if you made such products with quality in all of it, it will be a positive sign for these companies and that will create problem for the company. With these two main reasons, Harley Davidson needs to formulate a strategy that will address these problems in order not to further add problem in the future and also not to wait until the companys edge in the global market be removed or at least be reduced. Also, based on this study, the company must also look forward in addressing these issues while they are still room to operate due to its continuing edge in the global market. (Harley Davidson (HOG), n. d. ). In the second part of this paper, the main focus is on how the company can effectively apply Porters fiver forces model in attaining competitive advantage. The five forces of Porters method that are popularly applied by companies are: (1) Potential entrants, (2) Buyers, (3) Substitutes, (4) Suppliers, and (5) Industry competitors. In each of these five forces, there is an important factor that contributes to the success or failure of each forces and this will be discussed separately as to how the company can effectively apply it. In the entry barrier, where it mainly focus on the potential entry of new products or brands, the company must continue to be very pro-active in this part as the competitors are becoming very aggressive in this area. What Harley Davidson should do is to increase the customer awareness of their motorcycle brand in some of the regions that they are starting to have a very low market share like in the European and Asian market. Studying cost advantage and relatively access to distribution are two of the most important focus that the company should do. Also, can be added to that is to have an in-dept study on the Government policies which might be the effect of low market share, because the territories that the company operates must also need to be well represented and not just putting up a business. In the rivalry determinants, which mainly focus on both the industry competitors and new entrant forces, the company should be mainly focus as usual on how they can have advantage over its competitors by not only anticipating future challenges and innovation that their competitors may bring but also be able to establish a well defined marketing and research and development study that will help the company confident enough in dealing with the market.  particularly, the factors that it needs to focus are: industry growth, always look on the potentials in the business and be first in formulating it to the market, product differences, at this point, which is already been the strength of the company, but still needs to do more and that is innovativeness where it also been the main focus of its competitors. The company must look on how they can provide its clients new and very attractive designs, but it should also have to look on the cost side as well. And lastly, is switching costs, for any company there should also be some intelligent cost study on how the company can still be appreciated by the customers and these can either come from service and parts and of course these should be well accompanied with excellent service and availability of parts which is also a big factor during actual competition. In the side of threat, what the company should look closely on how the innovative trend and pricing strategy trend that competitors is doing. Most of the time these is what is being target to Harley Davidson, since it has been recognized as a very expensive brand and at the same time more on respecting traditional design, competitors compete through these factors. So, what the company needs is that they have to anticipate these by introducing new and innovative styles and at the same time study some possibilities of offering some not so high cost brands which may also give additional leverage for the company. Another important study and important advantage of Porters Five Forces is supplier power, in this side it is also important for the company not only to look for the most efficient supplier but also study closely in terms of cost. Harley Davidson must be careful in forming up agreement with suppliers. Like they can have global partnership with some suppliers, most specially if some of these suppliers are proven that they serve the company well. This reduces the cost by having different suppliers in the different regions. That is why there are two ways that the company may apply: (1) the company must carefully look into suppliers that are effectively performing for the company, if there is, Harley Davidson must look into how they can formulate a global partnership in order to lessen the cost. And lastly (2) the company must also re-visit some suppliers that are not performing well and be able to replace it or make some better arrangement on how the company as well as the partner can have a more favourable output. Lastly, in terms of buyer concern, where two of the important force involved, buyers and competitors. At this point these are the greatest challenges that the company must look at since the competitors are very aggressive in this area, most specially in the price sensitivity and not much on the bargaining leverage. Price is always a problem with the company, since it continuously in the high-end brands. What the company should do is on how they can study on introducing brands that may target other markets which will still not compromise quality and cost. In the bargaining leverage, the company must look on how they can provide some better offers for some big markets, like in terms of wholesalers. Lastly, with regards to the question how can motorcycle companies like Harley Davidson, where its business falls more on luxurious and recreation brand of products which also targets high-end markets, which the question is on how they can continue to earn above average returns. It is obvious that for company like Harley Davidson, they have to focus more on how to deal with innovations is one aspect that they need to do. By strengthening its research and development and the usual attention to customer needs and preference is the key to continually achieve above average returns. Most specially the latter where still it is considered as the most important factor in the business. The main actors or contributors that needs to work on this one in order for it to materialize are the following: (1) Companys human resources, which means that it should continually strengthen the technical expertise of the company, and lastly, (2) is to build partnership with some of the global and most recognized industries or companies which is what is lacking with Harley Davidson. People expertise and partnership through reliable and very influential companies are very important to the success of company’s these days. That is why with the help of the management team and its top executives, they need to recognized it as the main key to continually have a better return in the business. Conclusion In this study, it shows that for any company to survive in this very competitive world of business, company’s needs to be sensitive enough in understanding the competition and on how they can overcome it. In this paper it shows that even company like Harley Davidson, who still has substantial edge in the market, it still needs to be aggressive and continue to study on how they can attain competitive advantage. Like what resulted in this study that even though the company seems to have control in the American market, competitors are however starting to focus on targeting on market outside the American region, which shows that the company starting to slow down and competitors like Honda and Suzuki are rising up. This also resulted that due to financial capabilities and diverse status of these competitors which starting to give problem to Harley Davidson. That is why the company must look on these growing advantages and be able to formulate a strategy that can offset it. In the second part of this paper, it also shows that in order for the company to be aggressive and effectively achieve competitiveness, Porters five forces has been presented and for each forces, there are important discussions on how the company can apply it effectively and efficiently.

Culture of Trinidad Essay -- Anthropology Cultural

Culture of Trinidad According to the encyclopedia, culture is defined as â€Å"The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought [www.wikipedia.com].† In Trinidad these particular aspects are very distinct to the people's daily lives on the island. The diversity of actual cultures and ethnicities on the island has melted together over the centuries to create a Trinidadian culture of its own. There are influences from almost every part of the world including, India, China, the United States, Lebanon, Spain, Britian, Africa, and cultures native the Caribbean. Religion is one the most important aspects defining culture. There is no one dominant faith on the island of Trinidad. According to a statistic in 1990, approximately 31 percent are Catholic (including 11 percent Anglican, 7 percent Pentecostal, 4 percent Seventh-Day Adventist, 3 percent Presbyterian/Congregational, and 3 percent Baptist), 29 percent of the population are practicing or technically Roman Catholic, 24 percent are Hindu, and 6 percent are Muslim [www.state.gov.htm]. Also a small number of people practice traditional native religions and or African religions as well. Often these last two are practiced along with any of the other faiths. Although it may be a small number of individuals who practice native and or African religions, certain aspects or celebrations from these religions are integral to the overall culture of Trinidad. Voodoo is one example of a West African religion that has been carried over to the island on the slave ships of the eighteenth and nineteenth c enturies. Orisha is a specific spirit or belief in Voodoo that is one of the more commonly practiced on Trinidad... ... all filled with brilliant colors and scenes. It last for five days beginning with the King and Queen contest and ending with the Parade of the Bands [www.carnaval.com] While there are many other components to culture on the island of Trinidad, these can be named as the most defining aspects. Carnival is a celebration and display of all aspects and diversities of culture on the island. Trinidad's culture is defined by a merging of many. The fact that this sort of integration in able to strive and be celebrated in such brilliance, is an example of how diversity can be celebrated and accepted. Work Cited A History of Modern Trinidad 1783-1962., Bridget Brereton., Heinemann Educational Books Inc.: New Hampshire. 1981. [www.carnaval.com] [www.iadb.org] [www.nationmaster.com] [www.pilotguide.com] [www.state.gov.htm] [www.trininiew.com]

Socio cultural and traditional practices on breastfeeding

It is a good established fact from assorted extended researches since old ages that suckling patterns have extended consequence on immature kid ‘s wellness and mortality particularly in developing states. â€Å" Assorted life-long effects such as impaired cognitive development, intelligence, strength, growing and development are associated with Undernutrition due to hapless breastfeeding patterns at the initial stage of kid ‘s life. † Harmonizing to WHO, major proportion of deceases under 5 old ages of age are associated with malnutrition. From assorted researches published in Lancet in the twelvemonth 2003, it is revealed that there would hold been a decrease of about 13 per centum of child deceases if the per centum of sole suckling up to six months reaches to 90 % and breastfeeding is continued thenceforth for around two old ages of age. India has a really high Infant Mortality Rate of 57 % and the major ground for this high mortality rate is malnutrition which is a common issue here. Uttar Pradesh ranks 2nd with Infant mortality rate of 81 per 1000 unrecorded births. National Family Health Survey study shows that Uttar Pradesh stands at 2nd place to Bihar in figure of malnutrition instances amongst kids less than 5 old ages of age. This substantiates why there are lower rates of kid endurance in Uttar Pradesh. The breastfeeding indexs for India ( harmonizing to WHO guidelines ) are far from the optimum mark. Harmonizing to the DLHS-3 in twelvemonth 2008, per centum of kids in India having suckling within an hr after birth is 40.5 and it is farther really low in UP with merely 15.4 % . Similarly, sole breastfeeding rate upto 5 months amongst Indian kids is 46.8 % while its lowest in UP with merely 19.4 % . A survey conducted by Sinha et.al reveals that in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu breastfeeding patterns and absten tion are greatly influenced by the societal, cultural and traditional patterns and coevals age difference. Through this survey, it is aimed to research the socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns act uponing the breastfeeding patterns in rural portion of Uttar Pradesh ( India ) in order to do recommendation for effectual schemes to better suckling index. Study capable and method: The method used for this survey will be ethnographic qualitative research methodological analysis. This survey is proposed to be conducted in four small towns of UP, India. The survey population comprises of female parents of kids with age group of 0 to 23 months and their mother-in-laws. Besides a group of small town wellness commission members, ASHA workers and traditional birth attenders will be a portion of this survey. Triangulation of two research informations aggregation techniques i.e. FGDs and In-depth interviews will be preferred for informations aggregation. Data analysis will be done by integrating it in qualitative research packages such as NVivo or Atlas utilizing thematic analysis. This survey will be for merely a short continuance of 6 months with the attempts to accomplish the maximal consequences with minimum resources. The budget for this complete survey along with the airing of cardinal findings comes to US $ 41,087.Background:Introduction to the subject Breastfeeding patterns impacts well on the wellness of an baby and immature kid as he/she grows. Relation between the breastfeeding patterns with wellness and mortality rate of baby and immature kid is good established through assorted extended researches since old ages. It is the best alimentary and immune fluid the babe receives in its natural signifier which is most suited for babe ‘s metamorphosis. Particularly in developing states where hygiene and sanitation is one of the major concerns, sole chest eating helps in minimising the hazard of consumption of disease doing agents ( Anandaiah, R. et al. , 2000 ) . Adequate proportion of chest milk satisfies about all the nutritionary demand of an baby for atleast the first six months of babe ‘s life ( Reddy, S. 1995 ) . Children who are breastfed have better neurodevelopment results, and the continuance of suckling besides affects a kid ‘s intelligence. ( IBFAN et al. 2005 ) . Assorted researches have proved a positive impact of chest eating on baby and immature kid survival particularly among the population with elevated baby mortality and deprived socioeconomic status peculiarly among rural kids with hapless households and deficiency of safe imbibing H2O and sanitation installations ( Cited by Anandaiah, R. et al. , 2000 ; Palloni et al. , 1986 ; Retherford et Al in 1989 ) . A set of guidelines is recommended by WHO for infant eating patterns in developing states on the footing of assorted researches that provinces: â€Å" Breastfeeding should be initiated instantly after childbearing. Babies should have merely chest milk up to 4-6 months of age. At such immature ages, no other nutrients or liquids are recommended. Get downing at age of 6 months, equal and appropriate auxiliary nutrients should be added to the baby ‘s diet in order to supply sufficient foods for optimum growing. It is recommended that suckling continues, in combination with auxiliary nutrients, up to the 2nd birthday or beyond ( World Health Organization. 1991, P. 4 ) . † Situation/ Problem Analysis. Malnutrition during the initial stage of kid ‘s life leads to life-long serious growing and developmental effects and its consequence becomes about irreversible if occurs during the first two old ages of important stage of kid ‘s growing. The steep rise in malnutrition amongst kids during first two old ages of life reflects upon hapless infant eating patterns. Adequate and proper eating in the initial stage of kid ‘s life helps in forestalling malnutrition and ensures proper growing and development of kids. As per WHO study, malnutrition histories for more than half of all under five deceases. Improper eating had lead to two-third of all deceases under five old ages of age. As mentioned above researches published in Lancet in 2003 shows that 13-16 % child deceases can be prevented by increasing the coverage of sole breastfeeding for first six months to 90 % and so continued feeding for about two old ages ( BPNI, 2006 ) . Malnutrition being widespread in India, it is accountable for about 55 % of the kid mortality. It can be prevented by advancing sole chest eating upto 6 months and uninterrupted breastfeeding for 2 old ages and beyond as per the WHO guidelines for developing states and recommended by planetary public wellness ( Gupta, A. et al. , 2004 ) . In India babes are normally breastfed but the rate for early induction of chest eating and sole chest eating upto 6 months is rather low ( Oommen, A. et al. , 2009 ) . After birth about 49 % of the babes are given prelacteal provenders such as honey and farther sugar H2O ( normally used ) , apparent H2O, unreal milk, etc as per the cultural and traditional beliefs and rites. Around 20 % of babes are besides given solid nutrient addendum along with the chest milk during the first four to six months of the life. Some of the Key suckling Indexs of India as per DLHS-3 and its comparing with UP province is as below: Child feeding patterns as per DLHS-3 ( Year 2008 ) India ( % ) Uttar Pradesh ( % ) Rate of suckling within one hr in kids upto 3 old ages 40.5 15.4 Rate of sole breastfeeding for 0-5 months kids 46.8 19.4 Rate of sole breastfeeding for 6 months for kids of 6-35 months 25.5 8.2 Rate of 6-9 months kids having solid/semi-solid nutrient and chest milk 57.1 54.5 Indian cultural and traditional beliefs have strong influence on wellness related patterns of its population. A survey conducted by BPNI showed that due to the traditional and cultural belief ‘s influence, sole breastfeeding rate is low and the usage of supplying pre-lacteal provender is widespread. The above given figures reflects that infant eating patterns in India are far from range of recognized rates. ( Gupta, A. et al. , 2004 ) A survey was conducted by R. K. Sinha and A. Pradhan on cultural impact of suckling patterns and abstention in Uttar Pradesh and Tamilnadu, India. They found that in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu breastfeeding patterns and abstention are greatly influenced by societal, cultural and traditional patterns and coevals age difference ( Sinha, R. et al. , 2000 ) . I want to further research the socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns act uponing the breastfeeding patterns in rural Uttar Pradesh ( India ) in order to do recommendation for effectual schemes to better suckling status/indicator. Research inquiry or hypothesis: What are the socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns act uponing the breastfeeding patterns in rural portion of Uttar Pradesh ( India ) ?Already Known:India has a really high Infant Mortality Rate of 57 % . ( NFHS-III, Jan 2008 ) . Uttar Pradesh has 2nd highest Infant Mortality Rate of 81 per 1000 unrecorded births. It besides has highest less than five mortality rate. ( Indicus Analytical, 2008 ) Malnutrition is the most common cause of immature kid mortality in India accounting for approximately 55 % of entire child deceases. National Family Health Survey study shows that Uttar Pradesh stands at 2nd place to Bihar in figure of malnutrition instances amongst kids less than 5 old ages of age. This substantiates why there are lower rates of kid endurance in Uttar Pradesh. ( NRHM, 2010 ) As per District Level Household and Facility Survey indexs for the kid feeding patterns in Uttar Pradesh is highly hapless and unacceptable ( informations shown in table above )My Study Will Add:This survey aims to look into assorted single, experiential, socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns ‘ influence on breastfeeding patterns By the results of the survey recommendations can be made for effectual schemes to better the position of chest eating in rural Uttar Pradesh, IndiaAim and aims:Purpose: This survey intends to research the socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns act uponing the breastfeeding patterns in rural portion of Uttar Pradesh ( India ) in order to do recommendation for effectual schemes to better breastfeeding indexAims:To look into single, experiential, socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns ‘ influence on breastfeeding patterns To urge effectual schemes sing the findings of the survey to better the position of chest eating in Uttar Pradesh, IndiaProposed research methodological analysis:The research method to be used to reply this research inquiry is qualitative research method.Study Design:â€Å" Ethnography is a qualitative research methodological analysis used for descriptive surveies of civilizations and people. † Hence, Ethnographic survey design will be used here to look into the socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns act uponing the breastfeeding patterns as there is a call for inductive qualitative research to understand the socio-cultural and traditional beliefs related to suckling and research that identifies beliefs and patterns that may be hinderance for early induction of chest eating, foremilk eating and care of sole suckling harmonizing to WHO guidelines for developing states.Study Area:Uttar Pradesh province of India has a population of 90,415. Number of kids age 12-23 mo nths are 11,990 out of which 10,181 of these kids lives in rural portion of Uttar Pradesh. There are 62.5 % of married adult females who are non-literate ( non able to read and compose ) and 65.4 % of them reside in rural countries. Actually major proportion of Indian population resides in rural parts in smaller units called small towns where literacy rate is low particularly amongst females as compared to males. This survey is proposed to be conducted in two small towns of Barabanki and two small towns of Sultanpur territory of Uttar Pradesh ( Maps of Uttar Pradesh, 2010 ) .Study Population:India has cardinal authorities at national degree and farther province and local authorities. Within Local Government there are two bifurcations: ‘Panchayats ‘ ( rural ) and ‘Municipalities ‘ ( urban ) . The Panchayats are formed by locally available resources and is divided into â€Å" small town panchayets † , â€Å" panchayet samities † , and â€Å" terr itory panchayets † . An enterprise called National Rural Health Mission ( NRHM ) is started by wellness ministry to guarantee effectual health care at single, family, community, and wellness system degrees. National Rural Health Mission makes proviso of â€Å" ASHA or Accredited Social Health Activist for every 1000 people † . ASHA worker is chosen from small town and trained to work as a nexus between community and wellness system. ( NRHM, 2010 ) At small town degree there is a small town wellness commission. The survey population for this survey comprises of female parents of kids with age group of 0 to 23 months and their mother-in-laws. Besides a group of small town wellness commission members and traditional birth attenders will be a portion of this survey.Sampling Technique and Sample Size:Two qualitative research techniques will be used for this research survey. Focus Group Discussion: Focus Group Discussions will be done to be cognizant of the socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns most prevailing among this population that is act uponing the breastfeeding patterns. Entire 12 FGD ‘s are proposed to be conducted with each dwelling of a little group of 6-8 members. In-depth interviews: Purposive and convenience trying method will be used for in-depth semi-structured interview. It is proposed that about 32 interviews will be conducted in four small towns ( eight interviews in each small town ) selected indiscriminately within Uttar Pradesh province. But farther alteration in Numberss can be applicable depending upon the impregnation point for the informations aggregation.Data Collection Method:A ‘question matrix ‘ will be developed at the really beginning of planing the information aggregation tool. â€Å" A inquiry matrix is a tabular array that allows you to put out the subjects ( frequently matching to the aims of your research ) , more item on the information required, the informations aggregation method, the beginning ( i.e. the participant / papers ) and, eventually, some bill of exchange inquiries. † ( Designing informations aggregation tools by Dr Rebecca King ) Data will be collected by triangulation of two informations aggregation techniques i.e. FGDs and In-depth interviews. Initially FGDs will be conducted followed by In-depth interviews as the subjects and cardinal findings emerged from FGD ‘s will be used for farther geographic expedition under the in-depth interviews. Field proving or navigation of the informations aggregation tools will be done to look into its pertinence and relevancy one time before originating the full-fledge survey. Focus Group Discussion: Three FGDs will be done for each small town selected indiscriminately with three different groups – female parents ‘ group, mother-in-laws ‘ group and the 3rd group consisting of few small town wellness commission members and traditional birth attenders. It will be arranged at topographic point where small town wellness commission meetings are held with their anterior permission. Altogether 12 FGDs will be done, each dwelling of 6-8 members. FGD ‘s will be conducted by adept qualitative research workers sooner from the same part as being good versed with local linguistic communication. Each FGD will prosecute two individuals ; facilitator and note taker. With informed consent voice recording equipment will be utilised to enter the FGDs along with the notes from the note taker who will concentrate on the of import subjects, issues to follow-up through an in-depth interview, organic structure linguistic communication and looks of partici pants. The estimated continuance for one FGD would be around two hours including the ice-breaker activity at the beginning of FGD. These FGDs will research the socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns most prevailing among this population that is act uponing the breastfeeding patterns and is responsible for the lower chest feeding index in the province. Single FGD will be held in a twenty-four hours, followed by written text and interlingual rendition of informations collected on the same twenty-four hours. Accuracy of the quality of informations translated will be ensured by back cheque of the interlingual rendition. In-depth interviews: A semi structured questionnaire with unfastened ended inquiries will be developed to carry on the in-depth interviews utilizing the identified subjects and cardinal information from the FGD ‘s conducted and besides from the findings of relevant old researches/literature. An interview inquiry usher will be developed dwelling of general clear ended inquiries on the chief subject followed by a scope of examining inquiries based on that peculiar subject to be explored. Interviews will be done by sing the interviewees in their ain house clasp puting but taking attention that a complete interview can be held without an external disturbance/interference. A tape recording equipment ( verbatim ) and field notes will be collected. It is intended that entire 32 interviews will be conducted, spliting it every bit into 8 interviews for each of the four small towns under survey. Further bifurcation of these eight interviews for each small town is made between female pare nts, mother-in-laws, village wellness commission members, ASHA worker, traditional birth attenders, etc. It should be exhaustively considered that this is an estimated figure and it can alter based on the impregnation point of the informations retrieved. Interviews will last for 1 to 2 hours and it would be made certain that no more than 2 interviews will be done by each informations aggregation officer on a individual twenty-four hours so that collected informations can be transcribed sooner on the same twenty-four hours to maximise the retrieval of informations collected. During the procedure of the interview, ab initio the respondent will be made comfy, explained the purposes and aims of this survey, provided the information sheet and informed consent and eventually informed that they can halt at any clip if they wish and ask if they have any farther inquiry in their head. [ Green and Thorogood 2004: 97 ]Datas Analysis Plan:If possible informations will be transcribed on same twenty-four hours of informations aggregation in order to obtain a written ‘script ‘ of the FGD and interviews to analyze. Transcribed informations will be farther translated from local linguistic communication to English. This information will be incorporated into qualitative research informations package such as NVivo along with the natural information in the signifier of voice recording and farther reviewed by an expert research worker. The information of the transcript will farther be organised, indexed and chief subjects will be identified from it. A cryptograph y frame will be developed and the informations will be rearranged harmonizing to this cryptography frame. Further by incorporating expertness, reading of informations will be done and happening will be reported. Analytic method to be used here will be thematic analysis utilizing thematic webs.Potential hazards:Inappropriate clip for informations aggregation: Data will be collected from females due to its relevancy to the research survey. Women in rural countries are really much occupied by their family jobs and work. It is really hard for them to be available at a peculiar clip. Hence anterior assignment will be made and interviews and FGDs will be conducted at their convenience. Unsuitable topographic point for informations aggregation: Due to sensitiveness of the subject and to avoid any intervention or biased responses, FGDs will be conducted off from their place at a peculiar suited topographic point where the group of female participants can talk up/open up. For interviews it is hard for them to name up at a peculiar topographic point, hence it will be conducted by place visit but attention will be taken about avoiding any intervention by keeping privateness. Trouble in placing right age of kids and remembering the exact continuance: Due to take down literacy rate it is hard to remember or right place the age of their kids. Therefore local calendar, festivals, fasting months, raining or reaping seasons will be used to assist female parents remember right clip. Garbage to talk or halt the interview: Look at the sensitiveness of the subject ; it will take some clip for them to open up. In Indian society many rural adult females are still really submissive and would some clip garbage to talk on a peculiar sensitive point or would likely non like to farther go on the interview or treatment. In that instance the interview will be discontinued as per the involuntariness. Cultural stigma: In the Indian civilization adult females would non discourse on subject such as chest eating patterns with a male so lone female informations roll uping forces will be used. Data aggregation prejudice, misunderstanding and incorrect paraphrasing: Interviewers good versed with the local linguistic communication and civilization will be appointed to avoid such errors. Missing or uncomplete informations: The questionnaires will be reviewed by supervisor before go forthing small town or block so as to maintain a cheque on any lost or ill-defined informations. Refusal for entering the interview or FGD: It is expected that some respondents particularly adult females can decline to enter the FGD or interview harmonizing to Indian traditions. In that state of affairs note-taker will observe the treatment with the aid of another individual who facilitates the treatment easy and non hotfooting, reiterating the responses to do certain that the note-taker note everything and the transcripts will be reviewed by both to finish any lost informations. Early feedback by ongoing informations analysis will assist minimising the opportunities of reiterating the same errors in informations aggregation.Ethical and Gender Equity issues:At state degree: Ethical blessing will be sought from MoHFW, MCH and secretariat general. Besides a descriptive missive will be provided to local authorities and small town panchayet to acquire their permission for transporting out the survey. In the Interview on family degree: At the beginning, the participant/respondent ( female parent, mother-in-law, ASHA worker, traditional birth attender, small town wellness commission member ) will be explained rationale behind the survey and permission will be sought from the caput of the household and the adult females take parting. They will be ensured about the namelessness and privateness of their responses. If agreed, further their informed written and verbal consent will be taken. They will besides be informed that they can halt at any clip if they wish and ask if they have any farther inquiry in their head. The participant will so be interviewed in her house with no 1 else around to maintain the responses confidential. During the note pickings, each respondent will be given a figure and respondent ‘s designation will be noted down in separate sheet along with the codification to acknowledge them for finishing losing informations. By making this their namelessness will be maintained. After completing the interview, if the respondent asks for any information or aid, interviewer can assist with that and suggest referral when needed. In the Focus Group Discussion: Consent will be obtained from all the respondents for audio recording of the FGD, after explicating them the intent of the survey. On understanding the treatment will be recorded but in instance of refusal, which is expected, the note-taker will take notes on the treatment.Gender Equity:As this survey is related to female and child wellness, the major engagement of will be of female respondents. Although it will be taken attention of that gender equality is maintained by equal engagement of both groups in survey design, informations aggregation and supervising, information analysis, drumhead readying and airing.Dissemination Plan:To do certain that the result of this survey will be utilised to better the chest eating patterns and highly low index in the Uttar Pradesh, following stairss will be taken ; In order to hold better acceptableness and integrating of the findings in the bing national enterprise for bettering the chest eating patterns, MOH and authorities governments will be involved in the research planning and processing. It will ease the procedure of acquiring their averment to program and implement schemes and put the recommendations in to pattern. Aga Khan Health Service India is presently implementing a â€Å" Maitreya Project † funded by World Bank on ‘Social Capital: A slingshot for bettering infant feeding ‘ in Gujarat part. Findingss from this survey can assist in developing effectual schemes and can be incorporated in the bing undertaking and farther replicated in Uttar Pradesh and other similar provinces with low index There is a Breastfeeding Promotion Network of India and besides some NGO ‘s which are working for the baby and kid wellness which will be indulged in be aftering for better committedness to work on bettering this. On completion of this research, the consequence will be disseminated by: Summary of the cardinal findings will be distributed to UNICEF, WHO, MoHFW, BPNI, AKF, AKHSI, and assorted other administrations working for the baby and kid wellness in order to guarantee that they are made cognizant about the consequence of this survey. Transcripts of the survey results will be circulated in assorted institutes for community medical specialty and pediatric sections to portion the findings with the academic staff. Provision of the transcript of the research result will be made available to assorted libraries in MOH, UNICEF, modules of medical specialty and wellness institutes and besides to free databases to do certain that it can be assessed by pupils and wellness professionals. Seminars and Workshops will be conducted aiming assorted stakeholders such as NGOs, MOH, international organisations, and faculty members to show the research outcomes and to discourse the recommendations made for possible intercessions. Findingss will be shared in the regional workshop â€Å" Promoting Child Survival, Nutrition and Health by accomplishing optimum IYCF patterns † held in India every twelvemonth. Health Promotion squad will be encouraged to concentrate on the wrong socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns act uponing the breastfeeding patterns through wellness instruction massages by mass-media and wellness consciousness runs. The airing program besides requires peculiar budget and clip reflected in the budget and activities timetable given below.Forces and stuffs:ParticularsNumber requiredSenior Researcher or Senior Research Manager 1 Research Coordinator 1 Field Supervisor for Research 2 Research Assistant 8 Research Trainer 1 Data entry/typing clerk 4 Administrator 1 Room and projector 1 Training Material 16 Refreshments 16 ten 6 yearss Flip Charts 8 Stationary sets ( Pens, pencils, sharpener, eraser, highlighter, cartridge holders, etc ) 8 Transcripts of the usher for carry oning FGDs 16 Transcripts of the usher for carry oning Interviews 35 Transcripts of written consent signifiers 40 Tape recording equipments 10 Field note books for taking notes 50 Bags for field staff 10 Envelops 50 Log Books 8 Computers 4 Printer 1 Printing documents 6 Ink Cartilage 2 Rental auto and fuel 2Human ResourcesTraining ResourcesMaterialsTravelingTimetable for the research:UndertakingsW1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 Literature reappraisal Search for Research squad Develop research protocol Data-collection tools development Pretesting data-collection tools Recruitment of Research squad Develop preparation Faculty Prepare developing Kit Traning agreements Train Field squad Booking for travell Pilot-testing field vist Purchase field demands Reaching the local governments Data aggregation Advancement studies Review the collected informations Feedback to the squad Datas Entry Translation Datas Analysis Report composing Drumhead authorship Drumhead distribution in cardinal stakeholders & A ; libraries Behavior Workshops/Seminars to circulate the findingsResearch Time-tableSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberJanuaryFebruaryBudgetBudget ClassPer Unit Cost in US $No.of Unit of measurementsBudget RequiredHUMAN RESOURCESSenior Researcher 3000 1 3000 Research Coordinator 2500 1 2500 Field Supervisor for Research 60 X 1 = 60 60 X 60 3600 Research Assistant 40X8 = 320 320 X 60 19200 Research Trainer 500 1 500 Data entry/typing clerks 150 X 4 = 600 600 X 3 1800 Administrator 1500 150 X 4 600Sub Total31200MATERIALS & A ; EQUIPMENTSStationary sets ( Pens, pencils, sharpener, eraser, highlighter, cartridge holders, etc ) 2 8 16 Transcripts of the usher for carry oning FGDs 0.5 16 8 Transcripts of the usher for Interviews 0.5 35 18 Transcripts of written consent signifiers 0.5 40 20 Tape recording equipments 20 10 200 Field note books for taking notes 1 50 50 Bags for field staff 5 10 50 Envelops ( for tapes and note book )A50 5 Log Book – day-to-day study to supervisorA8 8 Computers 300 4 1200 Printer 160 1 160 Printer documents box 10 6 60 Printer Ink Cartilage 50 2 100Sub Total1895Training COSTSTraining Room / projector 50 1X6X50 300 Training Material 5 16 80 Refreshments 6 16 ten 6 yearss 96 Training somersault chartsA8 16Sub Total492Travel COSTSCar lease and fuel 25 25 X 60 1500Sub Total1500Operating expense COSTSASub Total5000DISSEMINATION OF RESULTSASub Total1000GRAND TOTAL41087

Fashion in the sixties

Sylvia Ayton, a manner alumnus of the 1960ss one time said â€Å"Suddenly it was the lilting 1960ss ; it was the most exciting, fantastic and charming clip. To be a interior decorator so was fab. We kept our bandeaus but we abandoned our girdles, drawing on pantyhose changed our lives even more than the pill.† The 1960ss was a decennary of far making alteration and London was the Centre of it. Thankss to a convergence of music, movie, manner and societal alteration such as the civil rights motion, sexual release and feminism, the 1960ss became the decennary for the immature ; it was the clip of the Youthquake. Poster misss of the youthquake such as Jean Shrimpton, Twiggy and Penelope Tree were frequently on the screen of manner magazines such as Vogue. For manner interior decorators it was a clip of great alteration, they were able for the first clip to interrupt many manner traditions, mirroring the societal motions of the clip. Couturiers like Couregges and Yves Saint Lauren t were among the few that embraced the new age of design and started making vesture aimed at the young person instead than at their parents. They were besides among the first that experimented with stuffs such as PVC and shortening hemlines. In 1961 the LBD or small black frock which had become a genre in its ain right was reborn by Hubert de Givenchy when his design featured in the movie Breakfast in Tiffany’s. Givenchy designed the frock cognizing the wearer good ; he made the manner freshman and younger and in making so created an iconic manner minute. Audrey Hepburn’s elfin expressions and little figure contrasted aggressively with the smoldering gender of Anita Ekburg in her black frock in La Dolce Vita. Givenchy was expecting a manner to come. As was the interior decorator Andre Couregges, with a background in architecture one of his first inventions in the Sixties was the white LBD, which heralded the start of a new age of infinite consciousness. Couregges, along with interior decorator Paco Rabanne and Cardin were some of the first interior decorators to research ‘space age’ expressions and the usage of different engineerings and stuffs. In ’64 and as a direct influence of infini te travel the Parisian fashion designer Couregges launches his ‘space-age look’ which was both airy and vernal in cut and visual aspect. The interior decorator clothed his theoretical accounts ; caput to toe in shimmering white synthetics, – the coloring material, harmonizing to Couregges embodied the contemplation of white – adding the coloring material Ag which evoked the Moons contemplation. In add-on to these colorss he used splinters of Rhodid plastic plating, silver coloured spangles and vinyl phonograph record, in the spring of ’65 Couregges’ ‘moon girls’ stepped onto the catwalk for the first clip. The interior decorator combined short somewhat flared frocks with snow white wool coats, angular neckbands, futuristic spectacless, and unfastened toes white boots. This aggregation was made to be wearable and comfy for immature adult females ; he besides designed level white boots – which are now known universally as â €˜go-go’ boots – to guarantee easiness of motion. Paco Rabanne besides used his preparation in architecture to force manner engineering further, the interior decorator created sculptural frocks made from fictile phonograph record and metal ironss which frequently entailed utilizing plyerss instead than run uping acerate leafs during the building. This extremist experimentation was an progressively widespread characteristic of elect manner in the Sixties. Diana Vreeland was an of import figure in the Sixties ; she was unfastened to everything that was new, different and wild, therefore she was an devouring protagonist of Couregges ‘Space Age ‘movement. She became the editor of American Vogue in 1962 and was the ‘Original High Priestess of Fashion’ . Many influential interior decorators and editors to this twenty-four hours depict her as the biggest inspiration for their callings. Her words were powerful and influential ; she christened new tendencies and the people who made them with catchy headlines and metaphors. Her words such as ‘beautiful people’ and Youth quake’ sums up the creative, smart and rich plangency of the Sixties decennary. Her reaching in ’62 had been handily timed, with her infinite energy and genius for the extraordinary ; she non merely captured the kernel of the clip but shaped them – seting unconventional beauties like Twiggy and Cher on the forepart scre en, and having the Beatles and Mick Jagger on inside spreads, she turned Vogue into a magazine that no longer catered for merely society adult females. Vreeland besides changed the face of modern beauty, Jean Shrimpton and Penelope Tree were Vreeland misss and for the first clip, theoretical accounts were stars and stars like Audrey Hepburn were theoretical accounts. One of Vreeland misss, Jean Shrimpton was the first high-fashion theoretical account to besides be a popular cover girl, her freewheeling manner made it possible for a whole universe of misss her age to link with the elegant and expensive apparels she modelled. A alumnus of the Lucie Clayton College, she was foremost spotted by David Bailey. As a twosome the brace became emblems of London in the early Sixties. Bailey said ‘it’s about impossible to take a bad image of her and that even in her passport she looked a great beauty’ . Shrimpton was a family name by the clip she was twenty five, she is besides credited with altering the class of popular manner. The miniskirt may hold been born on the catwalk but Shrimpton’s visual aspect in a mini frock at the Melbourne Cup in Australia ensured that every adult female wanted one. Shrimpton was a totem for British manner. British Vogue said of the Sixties and Shrimpton that â€Å"the universe all of a sudden wante d to copy the manner [ Britain ] looks. In New York it’s the ‘London Look’ and in Paris it’s ‘le manner anglais† . One of the most celebrated faces of the Sixties was Lesley Hornby Aka Twiggy. As a teenage theoretical account she weighed merely six and a half rock, but her organic structure matched Diana Vreeland’s description of the perfect modern-day silhouette ‘the smallest calves ; the straightest legs ; bantam, narrow, lissome pess ; beautiful carpuss and throat’ . Her calling started as a happy accident, at 5†6 Twiggy had been told she was excessively short to go a theoretical account but after Leonard of Mayfair, protege of Vidal Sassoon cut her long hair into a pixie harvest for a promotional shoot, her calling all of a sudden rocketed. This transmutation twinned with the theoretical accounts ain manner of make-up which consisted of three braces of ciliums, painted dolly ciliums on her lower palpebra and bare lips earned her the rubric of ‘The Face of 66’ . Where Jean Shrimpton embodied the realistic side of the Sixties, Twiggy came to stand for the Youth temblor coevals. Across the H2O in America there was another Sixties icon, Penelope Tree. 1968 was the ‘Tree’s’ twelvemonth, and she changed the impression of beauty. Tree non merely challenged the conventions of beauty but besides her celebrated line of descent. Similarly to Twiggy, the Tree was created her ain image, frequently shaving her superciliums and attaching false ciliums on the bottom rims of her eyes, she didn’t fit an ideal. In 2008 she said, â€Å"I felt I was an foreigner so I didn’t see anything incorrect with looking like one, † Tree was besides portion of what a journalist in 1967 called modeling’s new â€Å"Personality Cult, † which valued qualities other than cuteness. Other iconic theoretical accounts such as Veruschka, who portrayed herself as an artistic Gypsy and the alien Donyale Luna, the first black theoretical account to be internationally successful were portion of this ‘cult’ . The Sixties was a disrupti ve decennary for the African American community, civil rights militants used noncompliance and non violent protest to convey about alteration. The federal authorities in America were able to do legislative headroom with enterprises such as the ‘Voting Rights Act of 1965’ and the ‘Civil Rights Act of 1968 ) . It was besides a clip where many leaders from the African American community rose to prominence including Martin Luther King Jr, Rosa Parks and Malcolm X. They risked and sometime lost their lives in the name of freedom and equality. Donyale Luna’s success as a theoretical account heralded a alteration in manners attitude to African Americans. The Sunday Times Magazine hailed her as the’completely New Image of the Negro adult female. Fashion finds itself in an instrumental place for altering history’ . Naomi Sims was another black theoretical account who paved the manner for many, after infinite rejections from bureaus, during the 60s her continuity led to major track and column success. In 68 she appeared on the front screen of ‘Ladies’ Home Journal and had a strong presence in the manner universe. The interior decorator Halston told The New York Times that Naomi was â€Å"the great embassador for all black people. She broke down all societal barriers.† One interior decorator in specific was a innovator for colored theoretical accounts, Yves Saint Laurent ; he was the first of all time haute couture interior decorator to utilize colored theoretical accounts in his track shows. Saint Laurent’s repute was built on his supreme tailoring ; he was the first to feminize the dinner jacket, with ‘Le Smoking’ in 1966. The interior decorator believed that the pant suit belied a sensuous muliebrity ; paired with stilettos and a felt hat the spare men’s orienting merely highlighted a woman’s figure. The timing of this new design was perfect: It appealed to the desires of the immature adult female who was merely deriving entree to deliver control, political power, and an executive calling. Saint Laurent power-dressing by a decennary, the suit became a symbol of success for calling adult females throughout the universe. Pierre Berge, friend and concern spouse of Saint Laurent one time said that whilst ‘Chan el gave adult females freedom, Yves Saint Laurent gave them power’ . He was besides renowned along with Couregges for open uping pret-a-porter. In 1966 Yves alongside his spouse Pierre Berges turned off from the couture workshops and towards the handiness of pret-a-porter and in ’67 they opened a dress shop called Rive Gauche in Paris. The Boutique sold Saint Laurent’s ready to have on aggregations and accessories like aroma, accoutrements and cosmetics. Besides in ’66 after a brief suspension due to the pirating of his design Couregges reopened his design house holding created a tiered manner system with three scopes, priced and manufactured on a sliding graduated table ; Couture Future, Prototype and Hyperbole. This system was intended as a mass-marketed pret-a-porter, with the integrating of off-the-rack into the manner system and the cultural alterations in the 2nd half of the 20Thursdaycentury, this theoretical account was adopted by couture houses t rying to last. Mary Quant was another interior decorator who shaped the manner people dressed in the 1960ss, in 1964 she was responsible for taking the London Look to America and was renowned for being the British interior decorator that made miniskirts the icon of the sixtiess. Quant’s miniskirts were a far call off from the architectural mini lengths of Couregges in Paris, she used easy jersey forms in vivacious colorss traveling off from the 1950ss pastels. Quant besides played with the proportions of authoritative manner garments ; scaling up cardigans and doing jerseies into frocks, she was besides the first interior decorator to level the barriers between twenty-four hours and eventide wear. Quant one time said that â€Å"clothes should accommodate themselves to the minute. Girls want apparels they can set on first thing and still experience good in at midnight.†( Boutique, A 60s Cultural Phenomenon, Marine Fogg) . Not merely was Mary Quant a polar influence to all female interi or decorators as an enterpriser and an indispensable subscriber to the youthquake motion she was an icon. She wore her ain designs and epitomised the ‘dolly bird’ image of the immature 1960ss miss and modelled the archetypical 1960s Vidal Sassoon bowl haircut that rapidly became synonymous with her vesture. Decision hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Penelope_Tree hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Jean_Shrimpton hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Twiggy hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cocoandcreme.com/2010/10/iconic-cover-girls/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Yves_Saint_Laurent_ ( Brand )

Cómo ahorrar en costo boletos Disneyland y Disneyworld

Cà ³mo ahorrar en costo boletos Disneyland y Disneyworld Disneyland, en el sur de California, y DisneyWorld, en Orlando, Florida, son dos de los grandes destinos turà ­sticos de los hispanos que viven en Estados Unidos y de Latinoamericanos y espaà ±oles que visitan el paà ­s como turistas. Las entradas, tambià ©n conocidas como tickets o boletos, son caras. Pero sabiendo dà ³nde comprarlos se pueden obtener descuentos para el parque californiano de Disneyland, como DisneyWorld. Cabe destacar que los nià ±os menores de 3 aà ±os no pagan tickets de ingreso ni a DisneyWorld ni a Disneyland. Entre esa edad y los 10 aà ±os deben comprar ticket de infantes. Los mayores de 10 aà ±os pagan como un adulto. A continuacià ³n, los precios de los tickets y pases para Disneyland y Disneyworld, dà ³nde comprarlos con descuento, quà © tipo de personas tienen acceso a ahorros adicionales, quà © no se puede hacer con los tickets bajo riesgo de arresto y, finalmente, quà © hacer para no perderlos en caso de extravà ­o o robo. Costo de tickets Disneyland en 2018 Para los parques temticos Disneyland Park y Disney California Adventure Park. El costo de los tickets varà ­an segà ºn el nà ºmero de dà ­as que pueden utilizarse y si se utilizan para un à ºnico parque o para ambos. El precio para un à ºnico dà ­a debe consultarse, ya que varà ­a enormemente segà ºn la fecha. Una vez que se compra debe utilizarse antes del 31 de diciembre de 2019. El costo de un ticket para 2 dà ­as puede adquirirse a partir de $105 por jornada, el de 3 dà ­as a partir de $93,34/jornada, el de 4 dà ­as desde $76,25/jornada y el de 5 dà ­as a partir de $64/jornada. Comprar un ticket para 3, 4 o 5 dà ­as da derecho a utilizar una maà ±ana el pase conocido como Magic Morning y que da derecho a entrar a atracciones, tiendas y restaurantes antes de que abran al pà ºblico en general. Todos los tickets son personales y no se pueden transferir a otra persona. Adems, el Disney MaxPass, que puede comprarse a partir de $10 por dà ­a y por ticket o por $75 anuales, permite acceder a fotos sin là ­mite y a utilizar el sistema FastPass para elegir un nà ºmero de atracciones que se pueden disfrutar sin necesidad de esperar en fila como el resto de los usuarios de los parques de atracciones. Adems, hay la posibilidad de comprar Pasaportes Anuales que dan derecho no sà ³lo al ingreso a los parques sino tambià ©n a descuentos adicionales. Los costos de los pasaportes anuales son los siguientes: Disney Signature Passport: $999Disney Deluxe Passport: $729Disney Signature Plus Passport: $1.149 Costo de los tickets para DisneyWorld en 2018 En DisneyWorld hay 4 parques temticos y 2 parques acuticos: Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Hollywood Studio, Animal Kingdom, Blizzard Beach y Typhon Lagoon. El precio de los tickets depende de si se compran para un à ºnico parque o permite el acceso a ms de uno. Tambià ©n depende del nà ºmero de dà ­as, permitià ©ndose pases de un mximo de 10. Destacar que al igual que sucede con las entradas a Disneyland, en DisneyWorld los menores de 3 aà ±os no pagan, entre 3 y 9 aà ±os se paga el ticket infantil y el de adulto a partir de los 10 aà ±os de edad. El costo de tickets para un à ºnico dà ­a debe consultarse porque varà ­a enormemente dependiendo de la fecha. Para ms de un dà ­a los precios son los siguientes: 2 dà ­as: a partir de $118,503 dà ­as: a partir de 101,664 dà ­as: a partir de $94,755 dà ­as: a partir de $77.406 dà ­as: a partir de $66,507 dà ­as: a partir de $58,858 dà ­as: a partir de $52,509 dà ­as: a partir de $47,6610 dà ­as: a partir de $43.70 Los tickets deben utilizarse en los 14 dà ­as siguientes a su compra. Al igual que sucede con Disneyland, tambià ©n es posible comprar tickets anuales para DisneyWorld cuyos precios son los siguientes: Premium Annual Passport: $1.579Disney Platinum Plus Pass: $994Disney Platinum Pass: $894 Todos los precios de los pases anuales son a partir de los 3 aà ±os. Descuentos en el precio de los tickets de Disney Cabe destacar que en la mayorà ­a de los casos es difà ­cil obtener descuentos superiores al 5 por ciento por ticket y que se debe sospechar y analizar todas aquellas ofertas que brindan un descuento mayor, principalmente si piden pago en efectivo o por Wester Union. Tambià ©n debe sospecharse de las pginas que brindan descuentos y que en el url tienen la palabra Disney, ya que eso indica que no son vendedores autorizados por la propia Disney y tampoco se debe comprar un ticket de un solo dà ­a con descuento, porque tampoco est autorizado. Es ms fcil ahorrar alojndose fuera de los parques o eligiendo restaurantes baratos que en el costo de los tickets. Aà ºn asà ­, sà ­ que en ocasiones es posible comprar los boletos ms baratos que al precio oficial. Para el pà ºblico en general, las reglas generales son las siguientes.Para tickets de 1 o 2 dà ­as: comprar directamente en las puertas.Get Away Today es una pgina especialista en tickets para Disneyland que debe siempre checarse.Para tickets de 2 a 10 dà ­as para DisneyWorld o para entradas de varios dà ­as en Disneyland verificar con Undercover Tourist, un vendedor autorizado.Para Disneyland verificar tambià ©n con Disneyland Good Neighbor HotelsPara tickets anuales para DisneyWorld, informarse con Auto Club South Es posible comprar tickets en Cotsco, Walmart, Safeway y AAA, pero como regla general puede afirmarse que los descuentos son mà ­nimos. Adems, existen descuentos especiales como residentes de Florida, funcionarios pà ºblicos, miembros del Disney Vacation Plan, visitantes de Irlanda y el Reino Unido, descuentos a empresas y, finalmente a militares en activo, reserva, retirados y miembros de la Guardia Nacional. Los militares pueden comprar tickets de descuento, que varà ­a segà ºn la à ©poca del aà ±o. La regla general es comprarlos con anticipacià ³n contactando con MWR y mostrar el I.D. militar a la puerta del parque. Quà © hacer y quà © no hacer con los tickets de Disney Lo primero que debe hacerse es asegurarse de poder recuperar el ticket en caso de robo o pà ©rdida. Para ello existen dos opciones, en primer lugar, crear una cuenta en MyDisneyExperience y vincularla con los datos en el ticket. En segundo lugar, escanear el reverso del ticket y guardarlo en una cuenta de email o fotocopiarlo. En ambos casos ser posible obtener una nueva tarjeta o una MagicBand. Otro consejo a destacar es que no deben comprarse tickets a personas que los compraron para varios dà ­as y acaban no utilizndolos todos y quieren vender los no usados. Los tickets de Disneyland y DisneyWorld son personales e intransferibles y Disney utiliza un sistema biomà ©trico el primer dà ­a que se utiliza el ticket que le permite saber si alguien distinto pretende utilizarlo los dà ­as siguientes e impedir su ingreso. Adems, en el estado de Florida es un crimen y puede dar lugar al arresto de la persona que adquiere asà ­ las entradas a los parques temticos. Este tipo de incidente quedarà ­a en el rà ©cord migratorio, incluso en el de los turistas extranjeros. Turistas internacionales: a tener en cuenta Los turistas internacionales deben no olvidar la importancia de no permanecer en Estados Unidos ms tiempo del autorizado porque da lugar a la cancelacià ³n de la visa y, en el caso de turistas de un paà ­s en el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visados que ingresan a EE.UU sin visa, pierden ese privilegio si se quedan ilegalmente en el paà ­s, asà ­ sea por un solo dà ­a.. Asimismo y ya que California y Florida son estados donde los turistas acostumbran a manejar con frecuencia, se deben conocer las consecuencias de no  pagar las multas de trnsito. Puntos Clave: tickets para Disneyland y Disneyworld El precio de los tickets en Disneyland y Disneyworld depende de la edad del comprador, nà ºmero de dà ­as, si se visita uno o varios parques temticos y de los extra como, por ejemplo, FastPass.Los tickets son personales e intransferibles. Disney no admite utilizar boletos comprados a nombre de otra persona y en Florida es, adems, ilegal. Despuà ©s de comprarlos, vincularlos a la cuenta Mydisneyexperience o escanear o fotocopiar el reverso para poder recuperarlos en caso de robo o extravà ­o.Desconfiar de las ofertas que brindan grandes descuentos en tickets para Disneyland o Disneyworld o piden pago en efectivo o por Wester Union o incluyen la palabra Disney en el url de su pgina web.Es aconsejable comprar los tickets en el propio parque o en vendedores autorizados.Checar descuentos adicionales en costo de tickets para militares, reservistas y veteranos, residentes de Florida, funcionarios pà ºblicos y empleados determinadas empresas. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Samuel Johnsons Dictionary of the English Language

Samuel Johnsons Dictionary of the English Language On April 15, 1755, Samuel Johnson published his two-volume Dictionary of the English Language. It wasnt the first English dictionary (more than 20 had appeared over the preceding two centuries), but in many ways, it was the most remarkable. As modern lexicographer Robert Burchfield has observed, In the whole tradition of English language and literature the only dictionary compiled by a writer of the first rank is that of Dr. Johnson. Unsuccessful as a schoolmaster in his hometown of Lichfield, Staffordshire (the few students he had were put off by his oddities of manner and uncouth gesticulationsmost likely the effects of Tourette syndrome), Johnson moved to London in 1737 to make a living as an author and editor. After a decade spent writing for magazines and struggling with debt, he accepted an invitation from bookseller Robert Dodsley to compile a definitive dictionary of the English language. Dodsley solicited the patronage of the Earl of Chesterfield, offered to publicize the dictionary in his various periodicals, and agreed to pay Johnson the considerable sum of 1,500 guineas in installments. What should every logophile know about Johnsons Dictionary? Here are a few starting points. Johnson's Ambitions In his Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language, published in August 1747, Johnson announced his ambition to rationalize spellings, trace etymologies, offer guidance on pronunciation, and preserve the purity, and ascertain the meaning of our English idiom. Preservation and standardization were primary goals: [O]ne great end of this undertaking, Johnson wrote, is to fix the English language.As Henry Hitchings notes in his book Defining the World (2006), With time, Johnsons conservatism- the desire to fix the language- gave way to a radical awareness of languages mutability. But from the outset, the impulse to standardize and straighten English out was in competition with the belief that one should chronicle whats there, and not just what one would like to see. Johnson's Labors In other European countries around this time, dictionaries had been assembled by large committees. The 40 immortals who made up the Acadà ©mie franà §aise took 55 years to produce their French  Dictionnaire. The Florentine Accademia della Crusca labored 30 years on its Vocabolario. In contrast, working with just six assistants (and never more than four at a time), Johnson completed his dictionary in about eight years. Unabridged and Abridged Editions Weighing in at roughly 20 pounds, the first edition of Johnsons Dictionary ran to 2,300 pages and contained 42,773 entries. Extravagantly priced at 4 pounds, 10 shillings, it sold only a few thousand copies in its first decade. Far more successful was the 10-shilling abridged version published in 1756, which was superseded in the 1790s by a best-selling miniature version (the equivalent of a modern paperback). Its this miniature edition of Johnsons Dictionary that Becky Sharpe tossed out of a carriage window in Thackerays Vanity Fair (1847). The Quotations Johnsons most significant innovation was to include quotations (well over 100,000 of them from more than 500 authors) to illustrate the words he defined as well as provide tidbits of wisdom along the way. Textual accuracy, it appears, was never a major concern: if a quotation lacked felicity or didnt quite serve Johnsons purpose, hed alter it. The Definitions The most commonly cited definitions in Johnsons Dictionary tend to be quirky and polysyllabic: rust is defined as the red desquamation of old iron; cough is a convulsion of the lungs, vellicated by some sharp serosity; network is any thing reticulated or decussated, at equal distances, with interstices between the intersections. In truth, many of Johnsons definitions are admirably straightforward and succinct. Rant, for instance, is defined as high sounding language unsupported by dignity of thought, and hope is an expectation indulged with pleasure. Rude Words Though Johnson omitted certain words for reasons of propriety, he did admit a number of vulgar phrases, including  bum, fart, piss, and turd. (When Johnson was complimented by two ladies for having left out naughty words, he is alleged to have replied, What, my dears! Then you have been looking for them?) He also provided a delightful selection of verbal curios (such as belly-god, one who makes a god of his belly, and amatorculist, a little insignificant lover) as well as insults, including fopdoodle (a fool; an insignificant wretch), bedpresser (a heavy lazy fellow), and pricklouse (a word of contempt for a tailor). Barbarisms Johnson didnt hesitate to pass judgment on words he considered socially unacceptable. On his list of  barbarisms were such familiar words as budge, con, gambler, ignoramus, shabby, trait, and volunteer (used as a verb). And Johnson could be opinionated in other ways, as in his famous (though not original) definition of oats: a grain, which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people. Meanings Not surprisingly, some of the words in Johnsons Dictionary have undergone a change in meaning since the 18th century. For example, in Johnsons time a cruise was a small cup, a high-flier was someone who carries his opinions to extravagance, a recipe was a medical prescription, and a urinator was a diver; one who searches under water. Lessons Learned In the preface to A Dictionary of the English Language, Johnson acknowledged that his optimistic plan to fix the language had been thwarted by the ever-changing nature of language itself: Those who have been persuaded to think well of my design, require that it should fix our language, and put a stop to those alterations which time and chance have hitherto been suffered to make in it without opposition. With this consequence I will confess that I flattered myself for a while; but now begin to fear that I have indulged expectation which neither reason nor experience can justify. When we see men grow old and die at a certain time one after another, from century to century, we laugh at the elixir that promises to prolong life to a thousand years; and with equal justice may the lexicographer be derided, who being able to produce no example of a nation that has preserved their words and phrases from mutability, shall imagine that his dictionary can embalm his language, and secure it from corruption and decay, that it is in his power to change sublunary nature, or clear the world at once from folly, vanity, and affectation. Ultimately Johnson concluded that his early aspirations reflected the dreams of a poet doomed at last to wake a lexicographer. But of course Samuel Johnson was more than a dictionary maker; he was, as Burchfield noted, a writer and editor of the first rank. Among his other notable works are a travel book, A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland; an eight-volume edition of The Plays of William Shakespeare; the fable Rasselas (written in a week to help pay his mothers medical expenses); The Lives of the English Poets; and hundreds of essays and poems. Nonetheless, Johnsons Dictionary stands as an enduring achievement. More than any other dictionary, Hitching says, it abounds with stories, arcane information, home truths, snippets of trivia, and lost myths. It is, in short, a treasure house. Fortunately, we can now visit this treasure house online. Graduate student Brandi Besalke has begun uploading a searchable version of the first edition of Johnsons Dictionary at johnsonsdictionaryonline.com. Also, the sixth edition (1785) is available in a variety of formats at the Internet Archive. To learn more about Samuel Johnson and his Dictionary, pick up a copy of Defining the World: The Extraordinary Story of Dr. Johnsons Dictionary by Henry Hitchings (Picador, 2006). Other books of interest include Jonathon Greens Chasing the Sun: Dictionary Makers and the Dictionaries They Made (Henry Holt, 1996); The Making of Johnsons Dictionary, 1746-1773 by Allen Reddick (Cambridge University Press, 1990); and Samuel Johnson: A Life by David Nokes (Henry Holt, 2009).

Critique an article from a published text Essay

Critique an article from a published text - Essay Example n countries and other countries, Claire Cameron wrote an article entitled ‘Social Pedagogy and Care: Danish and German Practice in Young People’s Residential Care’ which conducted an ethnographic study of social pedagogy as well as residential care in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, and the Netherlands in order to examine the actual practice and its relationship with the provision of care in England. For this study, the researcher will make some critiques over the Cameron’s statements in the article. According to Cameron (2004), the concept of social pedagogy which focus on training and practice of social work within the residential care for children and young people is not clearly understood in UK.3 Contrary to her statement in this particular article, there are several schools in UK that is currently promoting the importance of social pedagogy in Europe’s residential care for children. In fact, looking after the children’s welfare is already a part of the main goal of UK social policy.4 The article states that social pedagogy approach in Denmark and Germany is conducted by providing the staff member of residential care homes with proper actual trainings; whereas social pedagogy approach in England is being extended to social workers through formal education in schools.5 According to Petrie et al. (2005), the term ‘pedagogy’ in England is not often used except in classrooms and formal education.6 Instead of using the word pedagogy, English people use words like childcare and early years, youth work, residential care and play work to describe a similar context or idea. Both approaches to social pedagogy should be accepted in the sense that the learners could learn the appropriate theories behind social pedagogy within a formal educational setting as well as providing the learners an actual learning experience through an on-the-spot training programs to social care workers who are directly handling children within the residential care