Gustav Robert Kirchhoff :: biographies biography bio

Born 12 March 1824 in Knigsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia)Died 17 Oct 1887 in Berlin, Germany Gustav Kirchhoff s generate was Friedrich Kirchhoff, a lawyer in Knigsberg. Gustavs mother was Johanna Henriette Wittke.In 1988 Gustav Kirchhoff went to the Albertus University of Knigsberg to study math when he was at the age of 18. In 1833 Frans Neuman and Jakobi set up a mathematics-physics seminar at Knigsberg. Kirchhoff attented at the seminar from 1843 to 1846. It was while he was canvas with Neumann that Kirchhoff made his first outstanding research contribution which related to electric currents. Kirchhoffs laws, which he announced in 1845. The year 1847 was an eventful one for Kirchhoff. He graduated from Knigsberg in that year and he also married Clara Richelot. They travel to Berlin in 1847. Kirchhoff teached at the University of Berlinfrom 1848 to 1850. He left from Berlin to Breslau where he was a professor of physics. In 1851 Robert Bunsen joined the University as pr ofessor of chemistry. In 1852 Bunsen was called at the University Heidelberg and soon he arranged for Kirchhoff to teach at Heidelberg as well. Kirchhoff joined a research with Bunsen and they found a spectrum analysis.In 1881 he was select to the Electrical Congress in Paris, as the German delegate. His failing health forced him to prematurely retire in 1886. One year later he died in Berlin on 17 October 1887.His write books Vorlesungen ber mathematische Physik (1876-94, Lectures on Mathematical Physics) and Gesammelte Abhandlungen (1882 supplement, 1891, Collected Essays). Spectrum AnalysisKirchhoff was the first to explain the dark lines in the Suns spectrum as caused by absorption of particular wavelengths as the light passes through a gas. He found that when light passes through a gas, the gas absorbs those wavelengths that it would discover if heated.spectral lines - a discovery that began the spectroscopic method of chemical analysis.Kirchhoff and Bunsen began by effect ively inventing the spectroscope, a prism-based device that separated light in its primary chromatic components, i.e., its spectrum, with which they began studying the spectral signature of various chemical elements in gaseous form. The spectrum of an object is the variation in the intensity of its radiation at different wavelengths.Objects with different temperatures and compositions emit different types of spectra. By observing an objects spectrum, then, astronomers can deduce its temperature, composition and physical conditions, among other things.

Birth and Beyond :: essays research papers

Birth & Beyond of Sacramento, is a non-profit health care agency whose main focus is to provide family support run in a form of family pick centers and home visitations where a personal home visitor is recruited from the same neighborhood they serve to provide the caregiver the protagonist he/she needs on how to give a better care for the child. Their mission is to support the caregiver in all areas such as course referral and training, how best to communicate with other parents in the neighborhood, the best way to overcome obstacles that the family might be facing, and how to better use the community resources such as get across system or comprehensive health care services. All these services are provided until the age of v of the youngest child in the family. The family resource centers offers support in budgeting, parenting groups, health, immunization, overall child development, class sessions for anybody who would like to learn Spanish, English, Hmong, or Russian, and Pla y and Grow groups which are parent/child bonding classes through arts and crafts and tiddler connection. In addition to the family resource centers and the home visitations, families also have the support of the team of consultants and specialists such as Nurses and Family health counselors, joined together to coordinate a full range of services for the families. (www.birth-beyond.com/Content/Learn-Participate/Learn_More.htm).The geographical area served by Birth & Beyond is the Sacramento County which houses nine different Family Resource Centers. Each resource center is responsible for certain zip codes areas of the Sacramento County. Many serve up-to five different zip code areas, however Meadowview Family Resource Center scarce serves the zip codes 95822, 95831, and 95832. (www.birth-beyond.com/Content/Locations/FRC_map.htm).According to Heather Blanchard, Meadowview Family Resource Center serves one hundred and thirty families, in which fifteen are Spanish speaking families a nd five are English speakers. Home visitation services are provided to ten families. This center has the capacity to serve two hundred families. Birth & Beyond is receptive to anyone who would like to improve the care of their children. However, since Meadowview Family Resource Center is located on Florin Road, the population that frequents this preparation the most is Spanish speakers. The youngest client at this expertness as of now is a fifteen year old female who started attending at this facility at the age of thirteen and the oldest person is forty-one. This facility is visited by 99% females and .

Virginia Woolfs A Room of Ones Own Essay -- Virginia Woolf Room One

Virginia Woolfs A board of Ones OwnMissing works citedIn A Room of Ones Own, Virginia Woolf ponders the plight of womenthroughout history. Woolf reads the lives of women and concludes that if a womanwere to have written she would have had to overcome enormous circumstances (Woolfxi). Woolfs initial thesis is that a woman must have specie and a room of her own ifshe is to write fiction (Woolf 4). throughout the book, however, she develops otherimportant conditions for artistic creation. Woolf mentions many nineteenth centuryfemale writers in order to apologise these conditions, but she does not mention MaryShelley. Woolf most likely excludes the author of Frankenstein because her writingcontains considerable male influence. The circumstances of Shelleys life, however,meet Virginia Woolfs basic requirements for the takings of correct fiction. MaryShelley possesses a well-rounded education, encouragement, and an androgynous andincandescent mind (Woolf 98).In A Room of One?s Own, Vi rginia Woolf suggests women produce so littleliterature because of the tremendous discouragement and criticism that female writersface. She discusses the effects of opposition and disapproval upon the artistic mind. Theopinions of others greatly affect artists, and it is those of genius who are most sensitive tocriticism. Woolf proposes that it was literally impossible for a talented woman to writewell during the sixteenth century ?A highly gifted girl who had tried to use her giftwould have been so thwarted and hindered by other people, so tortured and pulledasunder by her own contrary instincts, that she must have lost her health and sanity to acertainty? (Woolf 49). To further illustrate her poin... ...tial thesis is that ?a woman must havem sensationy and a room of her own if she is to write fiction? (Woolf 4). Throughout the book,however, she develops other important conditions for artistic creation such as a wellroundededucation, encouragement, and an ?incandescent and andro gynous? mind(Woolf 98). Although Virginia Woolf does not mention Mary Shelley in A Room ofOne?s Own, probably because of the strong male influence in Shelley?s writing, thecircumstances of her life meet Woolf?s basic criteria for the production of good fiction.Mary Shelley?s excellent literary education, stimulating life experiences, encouragementfrom family, and lack of anger, bitterness, and fear in her writing grant her the status ofone of the most famous female writers of the nineteenth century.Works CitedWoolf, Virginia. A Room of Ones Own. New York Harcourt, 1989.

Analysis of Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes Essay -- Dream Deferred

Analysis of Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes Dreams are the driving force of America today. each person has some sort of dreams and or goals. Although in life every oneness has dreams and goals, there are obviously more struggles for some ethnic groups than for others. The poem, Dream Deferred, by Langston Hughes, is one mans expression of his dreams during a difficult time period. As a black man in a time period where African-Americans were considered an inferior group of people,dreams and goals would draw been difficult to realize. Langston Hughes aptly expresses his frustrations in his poem, Dream Deferred. As people read this poem, in any time period, they can relate to the simple universal substance that the poet expressed. Hughes is very expressive in how he feels about dreams he has had and the fact and his frustration at not being able to pursue and/or adjoin those dreams that he is unable to pursue or fulfill those dreams. In his poem, Hughes asks the re ader to think by posing the question, ?What happens to a dream deferred??(1). This first li...

The Authors Character in A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConn

A Good Man is Hard to Find is a short accounting written by Flannery O Connor. OConnor was an American writer whose writings always incorporated humor into a sad or devastating situation. Her collections include 31 short stories, two novels, and a couple of garner and speeches. OConnor is most famous for her short story works. In numerous works of her, her conscious craftsmanship was revealed and also the devoted role that Roman universality plays in her life (Flannery)O Connor was born the only child to her parents in Savannah, Georgia. Her father was a real estate agent and her mother was born into a precise prominent family. When O Connor was twelve years old, her family moved back to her mothers hometown of Milledgeville, GA where her father was also the mayor of for a couple of years. Milledgeville was known as the crazy town in Georgia. Milledgeville was home to one of the largest mental institutions in the United States. At the time this story was written, the hospital h ad 13,000 mentally ill patients hospitalized there. She was ring by crazy people. The influence of living in Milledgeville helped her in writing her stories. A Good Man is Hard to Find is one of OConnors best and well known works. The work tells the story of a normal every day family and their trip to Florida. The trip begins as normal trips do, but thusly turns and there is an unexpected twist thrown in. The family encounters an escaped criminal who named himself The Misfit. The criminal and his accomplices threaten the familys life, but while doing so are also very friendly and courteous. In a desperate attempt to save herself and her family, the grandmother begins talking to The Misfit telling him that she believes he really is a g... ... job with this story and I believe any reader can find some one or something in the story they can relate to and can apply the story to their every day life. The story has many lessons and morals that can be learned but adds a humorous twist to things. So I pull up stakes with this final though, in the words of Wendell Berry, Practice ResurrectionWorks CitiedFlannery OConnor Tegasos Literature. 1 Feb 2006. OConnor, Flannery. A Good Man is Hard to Find Discovering Literature. 3 Edition. Hans P. Guth and Gabrielle Rico, Eds. Uppersaddle River, NJ Prentice-Hall,2003(355-365)Woodiwis, Anna. Jesus thrown everything off balance Writings Swarthmore. 2003. WA Program at Swarthmore College. 1 Feb 2006.

Essay --

Madison JonesENG 102-BC07Ms. Keltz2/13/14 The elephant population is struggling to glide by its species alive. Poaching is causing more deaths and causing the decrease in population than natural deaths would be. Because of this, there are less than 500,000 left in the world and they could potentially go extinct within 15 years if nothing is done to save and protect them(Herrington 5). Before, there were millions of elephants around the world but there has been a drastic decline worldwide. In 1980 there were over one million elephants, by 1989 more than 600,000 elephants were killed(Christ 32). Those 600,000 killed elephants were over half of the elephant population. If this keeps declining at this rate, the whole elephant population go out be extinct. This proves that the poaching is becoming so unmanageable. Therefore, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is trying to do something to manage and prevent poaching and the decline of the population. Hunting is considered poaching and illegal when it is not the right time, location, number killed, method or the species being hunted(Farmer). Elephants would not be hunted if they did not have ivory that is so valuable. If there was no demand for ivory or an ivory trade, there would not be whatever poaching. The commercial poachers hunt for a profit, and the subsistence poachers hunt for survival, both are harming the population(Farmer). If the government does not enforce this, then they poaching will not stop and it will get as bad as it was in the 1980s when the population was decreasing much more rapidly than it is now. Ivory is utilize and prized for many things. It is used in carvings or may be painted. It is prized and very valuabl... ...(Steinmetz). This really helped the tigers that were almost extinct. Since this resulted in positive outcomes, the WWF decided to spread the knowledge and ideas to communities and schools all around. Meetings were sched uled and the reading was spread quickly. All signs of poaching started being monitored and since 2008, the WWF noticed a decrease in evidence of weaponry(Steinmetz). In 2011, the park rangers found less shotgun shells and camps were they would hideout(Steinmetz). This cognise obviously shows the power a community can have when they work together to reach a common goal. If the WWF didnt try, who knows what would have happened to all the species at risk in Thailand. The WWF just needs to expand and present this information to all the other countries and communities who have animals at risk and the poaching could potentially break completely.

Cruesa, his first wife, is lost at Troy Essay

To analyse the persona of Aeneas in comparison to the character of Odysseus we mustiness first recognise that they have two been sent away from home, Aeneas by force after the sack of Troy and Odysseus to fight from the Greek side. To analyse them as leaders and good men we must look at their feats and their strengths as well as recognising their flaws as people and warriors. Both characters ar extremely reckoned as heroes. Virgil presents us with the man that established the greatest empire of all(a), the Roman Empire.Odysseus had the idea of the Trojan horse, without which the Greeks would not have won the war. Both are primarily good men who serve their countries well. I found though, that they do this in two very different ways. Odysseus nostos and Aeneas search for a new home. Scholars continue to disagree on whether or not Aeneas is presented as a good soldier, although the question itself is certainly far from black and white, complicated by the culturally relative natur e of terms such as conflictand fearlessness, as well as by the rather oblique definition that good itself holds. Odysseus respectively.I will argue that Aeneas meets the criteria set by neither ensample and that, ultimately, he is an emotionally unstable, morally dubious and even an incompetent military leader. However, the very fact that he is the protagonist needs to be stressed his character is necessarily sympathetic, dynamic and intricate. My intention is not to assert that Aeneas is a villain or a coward he is quite obviously neither of these things and such an variation of the Aeneid, a text rich and ambiguous in meaning, would be nothing short of reductive. And in this way he must, and does, have some positive, somewhat save features.Virgil created in Aeneas a new type of Stoic hero, a point that is perhaps most evident in Book Four when Aeneas leaves Carthage. His speech to Dido is indicative mood of his determination to suffer both silently, Aeneas did not move his eye s and struggled to fight down the anguish in his heart. , (Book 4) and willing, Do not go on create distress to yourself and to me by these complaints. It is not by my own will that I still search for Italy. (Book 4) Emotional restraint and acquiescence in regard to peerlesss own fortunes and torment is intrinsic to a Roman conception of a role model and leader.Equally, the presentation of Aeneas in Book Four abide be trancen to parallel that of Odysseus in Book Nineteen of the Odyssey, where the reader is told that, in spite of his wifes tears, the heros eyes were steady. Aeneas, then, does adapt to both the Roman and Homeric paradigms in his ability to endure the sufferings that Fate has allotted him. And yet his chief characteristic is not his endurance, as is the case with Odysseus, unless rather his pietas, a quality essential for a Roman warrior. Time and time again in the Aeneid he is referred to as pious Aeneas, famous for his cultism(Book 6), so the Sibyl states.Thi s devotion is threefold in that it is not only religious and extends to both his family and to his duty as experience of Rome. The latter of these has already been demonstrated by his separation from Dido, in which he subordinates his personal wishes in order to fulfil his indispensableness, while one can see the first two aspects of this pietas at give-up the ghost quite clear in Book Five, in which the funeral games, held in honour of the divine start out of Aeneas(Book 5), combine a celebration of the familial and of the holy. Like the Father figure that Aeneas, by fate takes on, Odysseus has great affection for his men.When he loses some of his men at Ismarus he tells us how they sailed on with heavy hearts, grieving for the privation of our companions. As well as this, when all the other ships are lost to the Laestragonians, he states, We lay on the beach for two days and nights, utterly wear down and eating our hearts out with grief. Odysseus risks his life for them. In book 10 when the first half of his men are transformed into pigs by Circe, he goes alone to rescue them. He goes blind into this plan without any forward planning until Hermes helps him.He is so determined to help that he tells an interfering Eurylochus, I shall go. I have absolutely no choice. . He never abandons his men. In Book 9 when his men eat the fruit of the Locus they lose all hope and want for home. Odysseus literally drags them and ties them to benches on the ship so that they cannot escape. In the cave of the water flea, after they have blinded the monster, Odysseus ties all of his men to the bellies of rams and they escape release him, he is alone and has nobody to tie him on. He does not care because he thinks about his men before he acts as does Aeneas.In this respect they are very similar except Aeneas makes more mistakes than Odysseus does and loses his wife. As a father figure, like Aeneas, Odysseus is very well respected by his men. Near the Cyclops the men divi de the goats between the ships. They give nine to all of the ships and ten to Odysseus alone as a sign of their respect for him as their leader. Yet this pietas, as much as it appears to pervade Virgils characterisation of the leader, might be called into question. Aeneas, on frequent occasions, seems reluctant to implement himself and also uncertain as to the rewards it offers.In Book Five the poet externalises Aeneas thoughts as he wonders whether he should forget about his destiny and settle in the fields of Sicily (Book 5), and throughout the first half of the verse he needs to be constantly prompted to continue in his search for his homeland by his wifes shade in Book Two, his fathers shade in Book Five, and twice by Mercury in Book Four. Mercury wasted no time, So now you are laying foundations for the high towers of Carthage and building a splendid city to please your wife?Have you entirely forgotten your own kingdom and your own destiny? (Book 4). These temptations are pre sented to Odysseus throughout The Odyssey but he does not give into temptation whereas Aeneas marries Dido, falls in love with her. Odysseus has a very strict work ethic, which clearly shows his devotion to Ithaca. He is offered immortality by Nymph fairy-slipper if he just stayed with her, but instead the first image that the reader is given of him is knelt on a beach crying for his homeland. He is tempted again by the witch Circe. Odysseus has the weakness of enjoying women.He stayed with Circe for one year before his men reminded him of home. He also stayed with Calypso for seven years. Although we must take into though that there were reasons why he had to stay with her. Even through these periods of extreme temptation and immensely beautiful women, Odysseus wants to deteriorate home. He is driven by the goddess Athene but she is not the true reason for his passionate longing for Ithaca. Aeneas is different. He no longing to go home, he has no home. He does long for his promis ed citadel but is also a cell for the gods to create a new Empire.Venus intervention is what points Aeneas towards leaving Dido who he tells, I left you against my will (Book 6). Aeneas seems rather less than dedicate to his duty at this moment. He is shown to be quite contented in Carthage and it seems unlikely that he would have left its sweet shores under his own volition. Dido is Aeneas first serious test, and he seems to give way without a struggle (Book 4), and one may see the character here as close to the antithesis of Odysseus who, in his pig-headed determination to return to Ithaca, even rejects Calypsos offer of immortality.Indeed, Aeneas, whose sword was studded with yellow stars of jaspers (Book 4) is a picture of decadence. Nor is devotion to duty the only aspect of his pietas that can be found wanting, and as much as Aeneas appears to be a truly devoted son it should be noted that he repeatedly fails to protect his family. When one considers those personages in the p oem that could be seen as intimate with Aeneas it must be bring in that virtually none survive. Cruesa, his first wife, is lost at Troy Dido, debatably his second, commits suicide and Anchises, his father, dies in the port at Drepanum.

Nurse Role, Management of Obesity

The role of shields in the oversight of obesity The case study provided regarding aliment and weight solicitude has led me to explore the role of a nurse specifically during the management of obesity. The investigating aims to determine how a nurse empennage interfere and control obesity. The re assay generally looks at the role of the nurse in managing a patient that is clinically classed as obese. Obesity is calculated using BMI measurements (appendix 1). Limitations to this investigation from a personal perspective are that I havent yet practised as a nurse so I cant use reflection on my own practise as a learning tool.Taking this into consideration I have sourced my discipline with the use of secondhand re pursuit methods, thus meaning the summary and synthesis of existing research already available to me via published articles, books and other relevant resources. As you depart elate as you read on the value of knowledge and state to professional practise is critical. The main(prenominal) reason why you need to base your professional institutionalise on the best available evidence is explained by Aveyard and Sharp (2009, p6), t enables us to deliver the best possible patient/client misgiving quite an than away of date practice. Aveyard and Sharp (2009, p7) goes on to say that evidence establish practice is practice that is supported by clear reasoning, taking into paper the patient or clients preferences using your own judgement. This description is backed up by Sackett et al (1996, p71-72) who described EBP as, the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of flowing best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patient/clients.Gray (1997,p9) emphasized a focus on patient values describing EBP as , an approach to decision making in which the clinician uses the best evidence available in consultation with the patient, to decide upon the option which suits the patient best. The NMC code of Conduct (2008) foregrounds the sizeableness of evidence based practice in professional using and requires that all nurses should be accomplished in practicing evidence based care.After reading various diary articles and books on EBP I have discovered that it is about integrating individual clinical expertise, for example your own proficiency and expertise, along with the best external evidence and also taking in mind the best interests for the patient. It is of highschool importance to use current best evidence, according to Greenhalgh and Donald (2000) without current best evidence, practise risks enough rapidly out of date, to the detriment of the patients. Ultimately EBP is the formalization of the care process that the best clinicians have practiced for generations.The contribution of EBP to clinical practice is the delivery of high quality, cost effective and quality care (Aveyard and Sharp, 2009). Challenges surrounding EBP are a nurses experience, for example rising nurses may be a little anxious of their new surroundings and unable to utilize all their newly learnt skills. According to Ferguson and Day (2007), access to evidence in nursing practice is often challenging collect to time constraints, difficulties in interpreting the disparate research reports on particular issues, or lack of up-to-date print-based resources or Internet connections on nursing units.The main tool applied during my research process was depository library Gateway which can be accessed via Shu space. Library Gateway enables you to access a large number of study resources and search tools. The main resource I used is Library Search, which can find results from books, full text journals and many other sources, and return them in one and only(a) integrated list. The other Gateway tools include Subject Guides, help pages for referencing, the Video, Images and Audio guide and a list of subject databases.Textbooks provide good background information and offer an excellent starting point for more in-depth research, the information provided is not normally rapidly changing and it must be remembered that it may be out of date. journal articles contain current information and research. They provide detailed reports of the methodology and results of laboratory research, case series reports, clinical trials, program evaluation, and other kinds of research studies. Journal articles focus on finding solutions to specific health care problems. The Internet is not always the best place to look for professional-level information.While it can be easily searched and you ready a lot of what you find in full-text, the quality of the health care information found can be questionable. It is classic to look at trusted authorities online, however the internet can be useful for looking into a patients perspective, for example a patient may explain their worries and experiences in an online chat forum which is always an interesting insight. The tables that follow details the databases used and the search criteria applied. Each database offers a different value of evidence. It is important to consider the following factors when looking t text documents regardless whether it a book, journal, article or online.. Who wrote it, why it was written and when it was produced (SHU 2012). in one case you have found a source that is deemed suitable it is then important to consider if the study was original, was the design of the study sensible, has systematic bias been avoided or minimised, was assessment blind, were preliminary statistical questions addressed (Greenhalgh, 2010). After summing up these points the methodological quality will have been completedly assessed and providing no flaws or faults are found it can be deemed accurate and reliable information.Table 1. Databases used Database Details SHU Library Search SHU Library Search searches for academic journal and newspaper articles, books,videos, maps and much more from a single search bar. It searches the SHU library catalog ue, full text journals and other linked databases. It is limited to content subscribed to by SHU. Internurse Internurse is the online archive of peer reviewed nursing articles published by MA healthcare Ltd. It draws to watchher articles from 13 high quality journals. Table 2. Search StrategyDatabase Keywords Rationale Criteria No. of results Search footing used in Library Search and Internurse Nurs* AND manag* AND obes* The word nurse/nurses/nursing and manage/managing/management and obese/obesity 2008 to 2012English languageNo country specified. Type of publication Peer reviewed journals and books 32 You can search as far back as 2004 using Inter-nurse. For the chosen subject area I decided to concentrate my research more specifically on more recent research as I found I was bombarded with information when I looked as far back as 2004.This has allowed me to look at more recent publications which I flavour is highly important in a profession where health care routines are ofte n being changed and improved. Once I had narrowed down the search I was able to pick journals, articles and books which I felt where most appropriate by reading the abstract to get a more in depth overview of what would be best for my topic. Obesity can lead to the onset of several complications, which with the intervention of nurses could be prevented, these complications are highlighted in appendix 2.Maggi Banning (2005) states that there is an ever increasing need for the evolvement of a nursing role as an obesity nurse specialist. She claims the nursing profession inescapably to step up and prepare for obesity management. The National Obesity Forum provides an Obesity Care Pathway Toolkit. It strengthens the need for the use of EBP by claiming weight management should . be based on best evidence, where ever possible. It also states the following, It is essential that services be developed in consultation with the users and people who will be delivering them, working together as a multi-disciplinary group.Training on weight management control, healthy eating and increasing somatogenetic activity to health professionals is incumbent to ensure consistent, accurate and up to date messages are given to patients at all times. Currently, very few NHS weight management services are monitored or audited, this will be a must in the future and needs to be built in at the planning stage. The feedback will result in improved services to patients. Changes in eating habits and activity levels are thought to lie at the heart of obesity (Wadden et al, 2002).As a nurse will get to see their patients everyday it is the ideal opportunity for them to advise patients on healthy eating and provide raisement for increased levels of activity. Drummond (2002) identified that communication between the nurse and patient is important as some patients may be self conscious or body-conscious. For example certain terms should be avoided such as sport or exercise which may have negat ive associations for patients, a higher level of activity and avoiding sedentary pursuits should be emphasised.Body weight is considered a sensitive issue for most people so it is vital that healthcare professionals handle the subject of weight loss with sensitivity. Crogan (2006) emphasized that it is important that nurses establish an yield approach to communication when addressing issues relating to obesity. I feel a multi-component intervention would be the best way for nurses to manage obesity. It should include behaviour change strategies to increase peoples physical activity levels or to decrease inactivity levels, improve eating behaviour and the quality of the persons diet and aim to reduce energy intake.According to (Sheehan and Yin, 2006) nurses constitute a semipolitical force in health insurance, because they are situated in a wide range of settings. This is backed up by Bennett 2007 who states, Nurses in the primary care setting are uniquely placed to support patient s to make the necessary changes. Nurses need to have an understanding of the patients multiple needs and to collaborate with other members of the health team to discuss personalized holistic care issues.Chrystalleni and Christiana (2010) have recognised that the aetiology of obesity is multi-factorial, and dietary factors that relate or are responsible for the development of obesity are complex and still not understood. As they define development of obesity to not be understood I feel this is a large limitation and therefore requires constant comparison of current techniques used in managing obesity along with any current evidence that has arisen through and through trustworthy practice research. In conclusion, the role of a nurse in managing an obese patient should involve discussing the weight issues and the severity on the patients health.As supported by Green et al (2000) this will enable the nurse to gain insight into the magnitude of the problem and to negotiate realistic goal s in terms of weight loss and to support and provide dietary advice which is acceptable for the individual. Nurses should consider each patient holistically and use appropriate language in order to encourage and not offend. As encouraged by the national obesity forum patient selection should be active instead than passive, with opportunistic screening rather than reliance exclusively on self-referral.The nurse should discuss ways in which a negative energy balance is achievable. References AVEYARD, Helen and SHARP, Pam (2009). A beginners guide to evidence based practice in health and social care,. Open University Press, McGraw-Hill. BENNET D (2007). Nurses at the cutting edge of obesity. Practise nursing. 18,9,454-458. CHRYSTALLENI, Lazarou, CHRISTIANA, Kouta (2010). The role of nurses in the prevention and management of obesity. online. 19 (10) 641-647. Journal from British Journal of treat last accessed 12th November 2012 at http//www. internurse. om CROGAN E (2006). A bio-beh avioural approach to obesity. Practise nursing. 17, 9, 439-442. DRUMMOND S (2002). The management of obesity. Nursing Standard. 16(48), 47-52. GRAY J. A. M (1977). proof-based Healthcare. Churchill Livingstone, Newyork, USA. GREENHALGH, T & DONALD,A (2000). Evidence based health care work book Understanding research for individual and group learning. London, BMJ Books. Last accessed sixteenth November 2012. GREENHALGH, Trisha (2010). How to read a paper the basics of evidence based medicine. online. London, BMJ Books.Book from Library Gateway last accessed 12thNovember 2012 at http//library. shu. ac. uk FERGUSON, Linda & RENE, Day (2007)Challenges for new nurses in evidence-based practice. online. Journal of Nursing Management. 15(1), 107-113. Last accessed 15th November at http//onlinelibrary. wiley. com. lcproxy. shu. ac. uk/doi/10. 1111/j. 1365-2934. 2006. 00638. x/full JOLLEY, Jeremy (2010). Introduction to evidence based practice for nurses. Harlow. Pearson Education. MAGGI, B anning. The management of obesity the role of the specialist nurse. online. 14 3140. Journal from British Journal of Nursing last accessed 12th November 2012 at http//www. internurse. com Nursing & Midwifery Council (2008). The code standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. Nursing & Midwifery Council. London. SACKETT, D. L. , et al. (1996). Evidence based medicine what it is and what it isnt. British Medical Journal, 3127023,71-72. Sheffield Hallam University (2012). Evaluation Why evaluate. online Last accessed November 2012 at http//infoskills. shu. ac. k/skills/evaluation. html SHEEHAN NC, YIN L (2006). Childhood obesity nursing policy implications. J Pediatr Nurs 21(4) 308-10, Last accessed November 2012 at http//www. who. int World Health Organisation (2005). Obesity and Overweight Factsheet. online Last accessed 12th November 2012 at http//www. who. int/en Appendix 1. (WHO 1995) BMI (kg/m2) Category of Obesity 18. 524. 9 Normal weight 25. 029. 9 Gr ade I obesity 30. 039. 9 Grade II obesity 40. 0 Grade III obesity

School wide positive behavior support

For the past 28 old ages, LAKE Academy ( once cognise as LifeStream Academy ) has served kids and striplings with emotional up institutes and doingsal ch tot entirelyyenges as referred by the School Board of Lake County ( LCSB ) . LAKE Academy is ho utilize at two sites within Lake County and serves a sum of cx Emotional/ carriageal Disabled and Emotion altogethery Handicapped ( EBD/EH ) scholarly persons, 45 Alternate fosterage ( AE ) pupils, and 80 Alternate corrective Program ( ADP ) pupils. LAKE Academy was organize as a charter between LifeStream Behavioral Center, a Mental Health Hospital and Lake County School Board.LAKE Academy is under contr be active to keep a teacher/ educatee ratio of 111 in the Emotional/Behavioral Disabled and Emotionally Handicapped ( EBD/EH ) plan a teacher/student ratio of 115 bequeath be maintained in the Alternate Education plan. The instructor to student ratio in the Alternative Disciplinary Program prep bedaysroom pass on average one instructor to twenty pupils. Recently, the Lake County School Board charter contract with Lake Academy added the No boor left(a) Behind Act enfranchisement demand. All instructors atomic number 18 required to demo annually advancement towards capable country and/or Exceptional Education Certification. However, LifeStream Behavioral Center, the employer, pays on the norm of 10 dollars less per hr with no planning period or responsibility free tiffin. In add-on, this school requires frequent and sometimes drawn-out restraint of pupils which frequently risks hurt to staff.Purpose of StudyTraditionally, schools put on utilize reactive, punitory schemes in an effort to discourage pupils from unwanted behaviours. These effect based behavior systems have been proven uneffective. The Families and Advocates Partnership for Education provinces that harmonizing to over 500 research surveies, penalty is one of the least levelheaded responses to assembly line behaviours. School-wide poli cies that punish pupils for negative behaviours but that do nt honor positive behaviours really increase aggression, hooliganism, hooky, tardiness, and dropping out of school ( FAPE Research Brief, p. 1 ) .We need to believe to a greater extent just about our pupils and learn them how to act and larn, within a system that is positive and collaborative. What is needed is a systemic, proactive good time that seeks to forestall disputing behaviours from developing while comprehensively turn toing the demands of all kids on the continuum of hazard for disputing behaviours ( Dunlap, Lewis, & A McCart, p. 1 ) .Over the last 10 old ages, research run forers have been looking at the effects of positive behaviour intercessions. These constructs were beginning(a) apply in particular instruction scenes. phosphate buffer solution was developed ab initio as an option to aversive intercessions that were apply with pupils with terrible disablements who engaged in point signifiers of se lf-injury and aggression ( OSEP, ND, p. 1 ) . More late, this attack has been successful in regular instruction scenes every microchip good. Researchers George Sugai and Rob Horner from Oregon, funded by the U. S. Office of Special Education Programs ( OSEP ) have formed a collaborative including universities and educational bureaus with the end to help provinces in large-scale execution of School-wide prescribed Behavior Support to accomplish both(prenominal) decrease in job behaviour and enhanced larning environment ( OSEP Brochure, p. 1 ) . wholeness survey, by Bradshaw, Leaf and Debnam ( 2007 ) paperss a randomised control test conducted in Maryland in which execution of school-wide positive behaviour support ( SWPBS ) was demonstrated to happen with fidelity, and to be linked to improved organisational wellness, improved schoolman results, and decreases in assurance subject referrals. ( Horner & A Sugai, 2007, p. 8 )A reappraisal of the calamity information for both c ampuses last twelvemonth showed that the Leesburg campus had 299 incidents that were caused by 70 pupils.Sixteen pupils had 5 or more incidents for a sum of 203 or 68 % .55 % of all incidents were Acting Out ( 51 % AO & A 4 % AO, with hurt )31 % of all incidents were assaults.The Eustis campus saw 120 incidents that were caused by 47 pupils.9 pupils had 5 or more incidents for a sum of 64 or 53 %56 % of all incidents were Acting Out ( 44 % AO & A 12 % AO, with hurt )21 % of all incidents were assaults.Lake Academy keeps making the same thing and expects different consequences. The school moldiness switch from a reactive and aversive attack to pull hit job behaviours to one that is preventative and positive.Lake County Schools introduced Positive Behavior Support in several(prenominal) schools last twelvemonth. One school saw a about 50 % decrease in subject referrals. The Academy already has A? of the PBS work done with the Leveled Behavior Modification Program.Literature ReviewD efinitions/ Background of PBSSchool-wide positive behaviour support ( SWPBS ) can be defined as a systems attack for set uping the social civilization and behavioral supports needed for a school to be an effectual acquisition environment for all pupils ( Sugai, 2008, presentation slide 9 ) . SWPBS is a more proactive option to reactive, punitory behaviour direction processs. Administrators, instructors, and staff work collaboratively to better the school clime by learning behavioural outlooks and societal accomplishments for all scenes within the larning community. Positive support is used to admit pupils who are exhibiting the expected behaviours. For pupils who are non reacting to the given outlooks, there is a continuum of intercessions designed to suit the demands of the person.Cardinal Elementss of PBSThe chief elements of the PBS theoretical account include a prevention-focused continuum of support, proactive instructional attacks to learning and bettering societal behavi ours, conceptually sound and through empirical observation validated patterns, systems permute to back up effectual patterns, and observational determination devising ( Sugai & A Horner, 2002, p. 2 ) .Prevention. in that location are three degrees of barricado used in SWPBS. Primary bar focal points on diminishing the figure of new instances of a job behaviour or state of affairss by guaranting and keeping the practice session of the most effectual patterns for all pupils ( p. 2 ) . This degree of bar is used with all pupils, school-wide in all scenes. Students are taught the behavioural outlooks and societal accomplishments for usage in all countries of the school. Positive support is used by instructors and staff to admit those pupils who are acting harmonizing to these outlooks.The end of secondary bar is to cut down the figure of bing job behaviour instances or state of affairss by supplying extra instructional and behavioural supports for the comparatively small figure of pupils who are at hazard of important school failure and who need more specialised supports than those provided by primary bar attempts. ( Sugai & A Horner, 2002, p. 2 )In these instances, intercessions are used to back up these persons in following the behavioural outlooks established in the school.The concluding type of bar, third bar focal points on cut downing the figure of bing instances of complex, intractable, and long-standing job behaviours displayed by pupils who are at high hazard for important emotional, behavioural and societal failure ( Sugai & A Horner, 2002, p. 2 ) These pupils require more individualised and intensive intercessions, including the usage of functional behavioural analysis and former(a) informations aggregation to find the best manner to back up them.Proactive Approach.The 2nd cardinal component of PBS is that the attack taken by the instructors and staff is proactive instead than reactive. At the beginning of the twelvemonth or at the start of a new act, behaviour guidelines are taught explicitly and reinforced so that all pupils know what is expected of them.This attack is characterized by a careful consideration of instructional patterns, constructions and procedures for ( a ) maximising academician results ( B ) selecting and learning school-wide and classroom-wide outlooks, regulations and modus operandis and ( degree Celsius ) practicing and promoting the usage of academic accomplishments and behavioural outlooks across multiple relevant scenes and contexts ( Sugai & A Horner, 2002, pp. 2-3 ) .Students are taught societal accomplishments and given schemes for covering with other pupils, such as struggle declaration and how to react to being harassed or bullied. It is besides made clear to pupils when they should seek aid from an grownup in a given state of affairs.Sound Practices.Many of the constituents of PBS come from the pattern of Applied BehaviorAnalysis ( ABA ) , which has been refined, tested, and repl icated to organize an of import disciplinary attack for turn toing socially of import concerns in instruction, particularly bettering behavioural results for single pupils ( Sugai & A Horner, 2002, p. 3 ) .PBS focuses on two specific methods used in ABA functional behavioural appraisal and behaviour intercession programs. Functional behavioural appraisals are used to roll up informations about the variables associated with job behaviours, such as scene, ancestor, and effects. This information is used to make behavior intercession programs, which focal point on the strengths and of import societal contexts of the pupil and household and do job behaviour ineffective, inefficient, and irrelevant so that more desirable or adaptable behaviours can be encouraged ( Sugai & A Horner, 2002, p. 3 ) .Systems Perspective.A big portion of the PBS attack is the fact that it is used school-wide. Having the systems set up passim the school scenes is important to the successful execution of these patterns. This involves ongoing preparation and coaching of instructors and staff to guarantee that there is consistence throughout the school. Systems supports must be in topographic point to back up the accurate, efficient, and sustained usage of evidence-based patterns and informations direction systems ( Sugai & A Horner, 2002, p. 4 ) .Stairss for Implementation.The execution of PBS in a school involves several stairss. First, the leading police squad is established. With input from all staff, squads determine which features they will aim foremost, how advancement will be monitored, and what the behavioural outlooks will be, when and how to learn the behavior outlooks, and the type of informations that will be used to inform determinations ( Dunlap, Lewis, & A McCart, p. 2 ) .Next, the squad defines the behavioural outlooks for the pupils. For school-aged kids, there are normally about five guidelines used throughout the school. These are posted throughout the assor ted educational scenes, utilizing linguistic communication pupils can easy understand and associate to or utilizing images or icons. ( Dunlap, Lewis, & A McCart, p. 2 )Once the school-wide behaviour outlooks have been determined, they must be taught to the pupils. Expectations can be taught with a scope of schemes that include mold, pattern, function playing, and feedback in context, and a assortment of stuffs can be used to assist the instruction procedure ( e.g. books, games, marionettes, societal narratives ) ( Dunlap, Lewis, & A McCart, p. 2 ) . Children are taught societal accomplishments every bit good as schemes for struggle declaration. in that location is besides treatment about appropriate behaviours for different scenes within the acquisition community, such as the schoolroom, the hallways, the tiffin room, and the amend area. It is of import that the instruction of these outlooks is clear and consistent and that the pupils are cognizant of the effects for non follo wing with the guidelines.After pupils have been taught the behavior outlooks, the following measure is to utilize constant positive support to admit those pupils who exhibit the coveted behaviours. Giving the kids this feedback lets them cognize when they are on the right path and besides shows other pupils that they will be noticed if they make the right picks. Acknowledgement of coveted behaviours is such a critical characteristic of PBS that frequently the leading squad needs to set up particular monitoring schemes to assist motivate staff to catch the kids being good with a high adequate frequence ( Dunlap, Lewis, & A McCart, p. 3 ) .selective information is used to assist the PBS squad to work out jobs and do determinations sing the actions taken to implement the plan successfully throughout the school. The squad meets to make up ones mind what types of information they will roll up to supervise the effectivity of the systems at different degrees school-wide, within each s choolroom, and with single pupils.One normally used step to measure the school-wide plan is to look at the figure of exponent subject referrals ( ODRs ) . Many schools besides use behavior incident signifiers which papers happenings of targeted disputing behaviours, and note the type of job behaviour, the scene in which it occurred, the type of activity and any other possible triggers to the behaviour, the people involved in the activity and the effects ( if any ) that were provided following the behavioural incident ( Dunlap, Lewis, & A McCart, p. 3 ) . This information is collected and analyzed on a regular basis by members of the squad in their determination devising.Students who do non react to the behavioural outlooks set Forth are provided with extra intercessions, as decided by the PBS squad. Data from behavior incident signifiers can assist squads find which kids and schoolrooms need support and what supports are appropriate ( Dunlap, Lewis & A McCart, p. 3 ) .Effecti veness of PBS.A survey of PBS in urban high schools analyzing PBS and its effectivity at the secondary degree was conducted over the class of 4 old ages.Overall, school-wide PBS has been associated with decreases in ODRs at this school. Although the deficiency of experimental control in the survey prohibits the ability to presume causality, during the months and old ages where school-wide PBS intercessions were implemented, ODRs declineda Besides, comparing baseline informations to the first twelvemonth of execution revealed that a significantly smaller figure of pupils received multiple ODRs during the execution twelvemonth in comparing with the baseline twelvemonth. ( Morrissay, 2010, pp. 30-31 )Many other surveies have shown similar consequences, including decreases in behavior incidents, office subject referrals ( ODRs ) and suspension rates. Recent research indicates that school-wide positive behaviour is associated with reduced exclusionary, reactive and punitory subject patt erns, increased pupil satisfaction, and improved perceptual experiences of school safety ( Putnam, Horner, & A Algazzine, 2006, p. 1 ) . Teachers report holding more clip for direction in the schoolroom because there are less behavioural distractions. There are more positive interactions between pupils and staff, which create a better environment for everyone.Legislation.The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) was originally passed as our state s particular instruction jurisprudence in 1975. Its intent is to guarantee that pupils with disablements have an equal opportunity to hold a free appropriate public instruction, tho kindred other kids ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.nichcy.org/idea.htm para 2 ) . The act has been revised and amended many times, and was most late reauthorized by Congress in 2004, with consequences published in 2006. The new act, IDEIA ( Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act ) , states that school decision makers co ntinue to hold legislative support for their usage of functional behavioural appraisal and positive behavioural intercessions and schemes for back uping kids with disablements who exhibit job behaviours ( IDEIA, 2004, p. 2 ) . The IDEIA provides more flexibleness in support, leting schools to utilize a per centum of their financess toward implementing PBS. It is besides tenderd that these intercessions be used school-wide, to make an inclusive acquisition community for all pupils.Congress is presently fixing to reauthorize the Elementary and SecondaryEducation Act, known as No Child Left Behind. It appears that policymakers have begun to admit that there are many non-academic factors that affect pupils school success ( Mandlawitz, 2007, p. 1 ) . In her recent publication, Myrna Mandlawitz describes two measures that have been introduced, the cut back Barriers to Learning Act of 2007 and the Positive Behavior for Effective Schools Act. Both of these involve the usage of schoo l-wide positive behaviour support.On May 21, 2009, theA Positive Behavior for untroubled and Effective Schools ActA ( HR 2597 ) was introduced by Representative Phil Hare ( D-IL ) .A If signed into jurisprudence, HR 2597 will better school clime and promote pupils academic success by promoting the usage of schoolwide positive behavioural supports ( PBIS ) . Research has documented that PBIS leads to better instructional clip, reduced disciplinary jobs and increased trial tonss. Harmonizing toA Rep. Hare, HR 2597 provides schools with the flexibleness and deft aid needed to implement, spread out, and prolong the usage of the Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports system. The end of this measure is to see more execution of positive behaviour supports in order to consistently make a school clime that is extremely contributing to larning, cut down subject referrals, and better academic result. They besides propose more flexibleness in the usage of Title I financess for Schoo l-wide Positive Behavior Supports to do it more accessible to all schools.SWPBS and Academics. Several surveies have ground intercourseships between academic public presentation and job behaviour across class degrees ( Putnam, Horner & A Algazzine, 2006, p. 1 ) . Other research has demonstrated that pupils with terrible job behaviour experienced big academic shortages as compared to typical equals. In most countries these shortages remained stable over clip ( p. 2 ) .In many instances, behavior jobs arise because a pupil is seeking to avoid an academic undertaking. If a kid is weak in a certain country or is combat with a undertaking, he or she whitethorn move out as an flight. For illustration, if a pupil s literacy accomplishments do non maintain gait with those of equals, academic undertakings reach more aversive, and job behaviours that lead to get away from these undertakings become more likely ( Putnam, Horner & A Algazzine, 2006, p. 1 ) . It is of import as instruc tors that we learn what is reenforcing our pupils for their behaviours and expression at what the map of the behaviour is.Research workers have late begun to analyze the relationship between SWPBS and academic accomplishment. With less clip and energy traveling to pull offing job behaviours, instructors have more clip available for direction in the schoolroom. Research has systematically shown that the sum of clip that direction is provided is extremely correlated with pupil accomplishment ( Putnam, Horner, & A Algazzine, 2006, p. 2 ) .Some surveies have besides shown increased clip on undertaking and academic battle in schools and schoolrooms utilizing PBS. Student academic battle has been found to be correlated with improved academic achievementaIn a survey of six schoolrooms that implemented behavior support programs, on-task behaviour increased by 24 % over baseline degrees ( Putnam, Horner, & A Algazzine, 2006, p. 2 ) .Research is besides get downing to demo that executio n of SWPBS is associated with improved trial tonss. There is increasing grounds that school-wide positive behaviour support intercessions improve standardized trial consequences ( p. 3 ) .MethodologyThe Academy already has a leading squad in topographic point and a Behavior Modification plan. This undertaking will concentrate in the positive facet. The leading squad defined the cosmopolitan behavioural outlooks as Respect, Responsibility, and Safety. The undermentioned chart shows what each of these behaviours expression likeRespectDutySafetyUse appropriate and positive linguistic communicationFollow staff waiesKeep custodies, pess, and objects to yourselfListen when others are talkingCare for your properties and clean up after yourselfWalk at a safe gaitRaise your manus and speak when it is your bend make it your best attemptEnter and issue in orderly linesRespect others, staff, and belongingsBe preparedThe leading squad so developed a usher to how the plan will work. The bell w ill peal indiscriminately throughout the twenty-four hours. Techs will give PBS points for pupils that are exhibiting the Expected normal Behaviors when the bell rings ( Respect, Responsibility, and Safety ) . An excess column has been added to Daily Point Log for this trailing. Points can be turned in at the terminal of the hebdomad for school sponsor points. The minute the bell ringsa the really 2nd the bell ringsa is when the PBS point is earned. It does non count what behavior the pupil displayed two seconds ago, two proceedingss ago, or two hours ago. It does non count if the kid has non made his twenty-four hours. All that affairs is if he was exposing cosmopolitan behavior outlooks at the minute the bell rang. If he was, he earns the PBS point.The squad so established the regulations for the school cop. School shop will be on Friday from 130pm-230pm. Students must be escorted and supervised by their schoolroom staff. Appropriate behaviour must be demonstrated at the scho ol shop. Students will be asked to go forth if their behaviour is unacceptable. Rules of school shop will be posted at the shop site and a transcript will be given to each schoolroom for staff to analyse with pupils. Students must be gaining 80 points, must be dress codification compliant, and have no major moving out behaviours to go to shop. School shop will be announced on the talker and a agenda will be implemented of schoolroom times. Merely appointive staff will be allowed to run and hold entree to school shop and shall keep shop stock list. It is the duty of the schoolroom staff to track pupil s points in order for them to purchase points from shop. Any staff/student that is suspected of larceny, pull stringsing points, non tracking pupil s points, non leting pupils to use shop will be reported instantly to an Administrator and have a effect for their actions. There will be a suggestion box for any petitions for stock list, alterations that may be needed, or comments/concern s at the shop that will be reviewed by the PBS squad. PBS squad will supervise point/inventory relation and do necessary accommodations.The incident informations each month will be compared to the information from last twelvemonth and disaggregated by types of incident. This comparing informations will be used to measure the effectivity of the plan and to find the mark country for the 2nd grade. It is projected that the figure of incidents per month will diminish by 50 % like that of other schools in the county.

Environmental Science Study Guide Essay

Environment- everything around us. Including nonliving things (air, water, and energy) environmental science- an interdisciplinary study of how gentleman interact with the living and nonliving parts of their environment. Ecology- the biological science that studies how organisms or living things interact with one an some(prenominal) another(prenominal). Ecosystem- A set of organisms within a define atomic moment 18a or volume that interact with one another and with their environment of nonliving matter and energy. ininnate(p) capital- the natural resources and natural services that keep us and other forms of life alive and harbour our human economies. Resource- allthing that we can obtain the environment to meet our of necessity and wants. Perpetual resource- is a continuous supply of solar energy.Renewable resource- a resource that takes anywhere from several days to several hundred years to be replenished by means of natural subprogrames. Sustainable yield- the highest r ate at which we can custom a renewable resource without reducing its available supply. Reuse- involves using a resource over and over in the same form. Recycling- involves stack away waste materials and biddinging them into new materials. Economic growth- is an increase in a nations proceeds of goods and services. Gross domestic product (GDP) the annual market place value of all goods and services produced by all businesses, foreign and domestic, operating within a awkward. Economic development- an effort to use economic growth to break living standards. More-developed countries- those with high average income and they include the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and most European countries. Less-developed countries- (opposite of well-developed countries) Pollution- any presence within the environment of a chemical or other agent such as noise or heat at a level that is harmful to the health, survival, or activities of humans or other organisms. Point s ources- whizz, identifiable sources. Ex. Smokestack of a coal-burning power or industrial plant.Non-point sources- are dispersed and often difficult to identify. Ex. Pesticides & some trash. Pollution cleanup/output pollution control- Involves cleaning up or diluting pollutants after we have produced them. Pollution prevention/pollution control- reduces or eliminates the production of pollutants. Ecological footprint- the amount of biologically prolific land and water needed to provide the people in a particular country or area with an indefinite supply of renewable resources and to blow and recycle wastes. Affluence- consuming large amounts of resources far beyond basic needs. Per capita ecological footprint- the average ecological footprint of an individual in a given country or area. Ecological tipping point- an irreversible shift in the behavior of a natural system. Exponential growth- occurs when a quantity such as the human world increases at a fixed ploughshare per unit of time, such as 2% per year.Poverty- occurs when people are unable to fulfill their basic needs for food, water, shelter, health, and education. Environmental worldview- your set of assumptions and values reflecting how you think the world works and what your role in the world should be. Environmental ethics- are beliefs about what is right and wrong with how we treat the environment. telluric management worldview- the view that we are separate from and in charge of nature. Stewardship worldview- holds that we can and should manage the earth for our benefit, but that we have an ethical responsibility to be fondness managers or stewards of the earth. Environmentally sustainable society- one that meets the current and future basic resource needs of its people in a just and future basic resource needs of its people in a just and equitable manner. Natural income- living sustainabilitySocial capital- making the shift to more than(prenominal) sustainable societies and economies.Chapt er 2Science- a human effort to discover how the carnal world works by making observations and measurements, and carrying out experiments. Model- an approximate representation or simulation of a system. Peer Review- involves scientists openly publishing details of the methods and models they used. Scientific Law/law of nature- a well-tested and widely accepted description of what we find happening repeatedly in nature in the same way. Unreliable science- (opposite of scientific law and reliable science) Tentative/frontier science- some of the scientific results are validated and reliable, and some are not. Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space.Atomic theory- the idea that all elements are made up of atoms. Neurons- no electrical chargeProtons- corroboratory electrical chargeElectrons- ostracize electrical chargeNucleus- extremely small center of the atom, containing one or more protons/neurons. Atomic Number- equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of its atom. M ass number- the innate number or neutrons and protons in its nucleus. Isotopes- the forms of an element having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. Molecule- a combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by forces called chemical bounds. Ion- an atom or a group of atoms with one or more net positive or negative electrical charges. Acidity- a chemical characteristic that helps determine how a substance dissolved in water will interact with and require its environment. pH- used as a measure of acidityChemical formula- chemists use this to show the number of each type of atom or ion in a compound. Organic compounds- contains at least two carbon atoms combined with atoms of another element. Inorganic compounds- (opposite of organic compounds)Genes- certain sequences of nucleotides.Chromosome- a double helix DNA pinpoint wrapped around some proteins.Chapter 3Abiotic- NonlivingAerobic respiration- nutrient organic molecules such as glu cose combine with oxygen to support carbon dioxide, water, & energy. anaerobic respiration- form of cellular respiration in which some decomposers get the energy they need through the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen. Atmosphere- mass of air border the earth.Autotrophs- (same as producer)Biogeochemical cycles- processes that recycle nutrients in various chemical forms (include carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and hydrologic cycles) Biomass- organic matter produced by plants & other photosynthetic produces total dry weight of all organisms. Biosphere- govern of the earth where life is found.Biotic- living organisms.Carbon cycle- cyclic style of carbon in different chemical forms from the environment to the organ. Chemosynthesis- process in which certain organisms stir inorganic compounds from their environment and convert them into organic compounds without sunlight. Community- cosmoss of all species living and interacting in an area at a particular ti me. Consumers- organism that cannot synthesize the organic nutrients it needs and gets its organic nutrients by feeding on the tissue of others. Decomposers- organisms that digest parts of dead organisms. Ecology- biological science that studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment. Ecosystem- one or more communities of different species interacting with one another and with chemical & physical factors making up the environment. Fermentation- (same as anaerobic respiration)Food chain- series of organisms in which each eats or decomposes the preceding one. Food web- complex network of many inter-connected food chains and feeding relationships. Greenhouse gases- gases in the earths lower atmosphere that become the greenhouse effect. Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) rate at which ecosystems producers capture and store a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a given length of time. Herbivores- plant eating organisms.Heterotrophs- (same as consumer)H ydrologic (water cycles) biogeochemical cycle that collects, purifies, and disturbs the earths fixed supply of water. Hydrosphere- earths liquid water. Natural greenhouse effect- natural effect that releases heat in the atmosphere, near the earths surface. Net Primary Productivity (NPP) rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net useful energy. Nitrogen cycle- cyclic movement of nitrogen in different chemical forms. Nutrient cycles- the circulation of chemicals necessary for life. Omnivores- animal that can use both plant and other animals as food sources. Organisms- any form of life.Photosynthesis- complex process that takes place in cells of green plants. Phosphorous cycle- cyclic movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms. macrocosm- group of individual organisms of the same species living in a particular area. Primary consumers- organism that feeds on some or all parts of plants. Producers- organism that uses solar energy/chemical energy to manufacture nu trients. Pyramid of energy flow- diagram representing the flow of energy through each level in a food chain/web. Secondary consumers- organism that feeds only on primary consumers. Stratosphere- 2nd layer of the atmosphere.Sulfur cycle- cyclic movement of sulfur in various chemical forms. Tertiary consumers- animals that feed on animal-eating animals. Ex.shark, lion, bear. Trophic level- all organisms that are the same number of energy transfers away from the original source of energy. Troposphere- Innermost layer of the atmosphere.Chapter 4Adaptation- any genetically controlled structural, physiological or behavior characteristic that helps an organism to survive or reproduce. adjustive trait- (same as adaptation)Background extinction- normal extinction of various species as a result of agitates in environmental conditions. Biological diversity- variety of different speciesBiological evolution- change in the generic makeup of a population of species in successive generations. Dif ferential reproduction- phenomenon in which individuals with adaptive generic traits produce more living topic than those without trait. Ecological niche- total way of life of a species.Endemic species- species found only in one area likely to be extinct. Extinction- complete disappearing of a species. Fossils- skeletons, bones, shells, body parts, leaves, seeds or impressions of such items that provide evidence of organisms. Foundation species- species that play a major role in shaping a community. generalist species- species with abroad ecological niche. (Can live/adapt in many places) ex humans Geographic isolation- separation of populations of a species into different areas for long periods of time. Indicator species- species whose gloam serves as early warnings that community is being biodegraded. Keystone species- (foundation species)Mass extinction- widespread, global extinction over a short period of time. Mutations- random change in DNA molecules that can alter behavior/a natomy in offspring. Native species- species that live or thrive in a particular ecosystem. Natural selection- process in which a particular set of genes is produced in succeeding generations more than other genes. Niche- total way of life or role of a species in an ecosystem. Nonnative species- species that into migrate into an ecosystem or are deliberately/accidently introduced into an ecosystem. Reproductive Isolation- long term geographic separation of members of a particular sexually reproducing species. Specialist species-species with a narrow ecological niche.Speciation- formation of two species forms one species because of divergent natural selection in response to change in environmental conditions. Species- group of homogeneous organisms.Species diversity- number of different species.Theory of evolution- widely accepted scientific idea that all life forms developed from earlier life forms.Chapter 5Age structure- percentage of the population of each age level in a populati on. Carrying Capacity- maximum population of a particular species that a given habit can support over a given period. Coevolution- evolution in which two or more species interact and exert selective pressure on each other that can lead each species to undergo adaptations. Commensalism- an fundamental interaction between organisms of different species in which one type of organism benefits and the other type is neither helped nor harmed to any degree. Environmental resistance- all of the limiting factors that act together to limit the growth of the population.Inertia- the ability of a living system to be restored through secondary date after a more serious disturbance. Interspecific competition- attempts by members of two or more species to use the same limited resources in an ecosystem. Limiting factor- single factor that limits the growth abundance or distribution of the population of a species in an ecosystem. Mutualism- type of species interaction in which both participating spe cies generally benefit. Parasitism- interaction between species in which one organism preys on another organism. Persistence- (same as inertia)Population-group of individuals organisms of the same species living in a particular area. Population crush- dieback of a population exceeded carrying capacity. Population density- of organisms in a particular populations found in a specified area/volume. Predation- when an organism feeds on another.Predator- prey relationship relationship predator VS. Prey. Primary ecological succession- ecological succession in an area without soil or bottom sediments. Range of tolerance- range of chemical & physical conditions that must be maintained. Resilience- the ability of a living system to be restored through secondary succession after a severe disturbance. Resource partitioning- process of diving up resources.Secondary ecological succession- succession in which natural vegetation has been removed or destroyed but the soil hasnt.Chapter 6 heathen c arrying capacity- the maximum number of people who could live in reasonable freedom and comfort. Crude birth rate- the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year. Crude Death rate- the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in given year. Fertility rate- the number of children born to a woman during her lifetime. Replacement-level fertility rare- is the average number of children that couples in a population must bear to replace themselves.Total fertility rate- the average number of children born to women in a population during their reproductive years. Life expectancy- the average number of years a newborn infant can be anticipate to live. Infant mortality rate- the number of babies out of every 1,000 born who die before their first birthday. Demographic transition- when countries become industrialized and economically developed, death range and birth rates decline. Family planning- provides educational and clinical services that help couple s chose how many children to have and when to have them.

The Buying Decisions of ‘Consumers’ on the Use of Microsoft

The Buying Decisions of Consumers On the Use of Microsoft or apple Products Submitted By SANUSI SANI BUHARI Student no(prenominal) 200922R7018 The Dissertation has been submitted to the Skyline University College In partial fulfilment of the Degree Bachelor of Business Administration (International Business) December-2012 Acknowledgement The writing of this dissertation has been peerless of the most signifi potfult schoolman ch completelyenges I amaze ever had to face. Without the support, constancy and guidance of the follo progressg plenty, this study would not feature been completed.It is to them that I owe my deepest gratitude. * Dr. Rashad Mohammed Al Saed, who under withalk to act as my supervisor despite his m whatever new(prenominal) academic and professional commitments. His wisdom, knowledge and commitment to the highest standards inspired and motivated me. * My friends and whoever directly or indirectly helped me to during the course of the dissertation. * The auth ors of the various books and web poses as well as the facilities and university program library that helped me gain various information for this dissertation. AbstractThis look into paper describes the sullying finales of consumers, as to whether they prefer Microsoft or apple yields. People have distinct choice concord to pick outs. Business organizations and telecommunication sectors judge product on usability. Data analysis suggests many principal(prenominal) elements impact the buying decision of an one-on-one or any specific conjunction. Data analysis also suggests Microsoft and apple continue to push the envelope when it comes to developing bundle and hardw are. The main objective of this research is- which product do people prefer?To find answers to the research apparent movements of this research, data analysis and descriptive study has been used, because it involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way. This regularity is used to obtain a normal all(prenominal)whereview of the subject, and answers who, what, and why of the study. The both giants pride themselves for producing cutting edge consumer and business products, and are leading the developments in package and hardware. scarce what around their websites how do they both compare, and to a greater extent important, which one is fail and more than than usable?This study will help reader to find in all this answer. Chapter No. Particulars Pg No. 1 Introduction * Aims of Independent Study * Objectives 6-7 2 Literature Review 8-29 3 interrogation Methodology 30-32 * explore Design 31 * Research Approach 31 * Research Instrument 32 * Sampling Design 32 4 Data Analysis 33-37 5 Conclusion 38-40 Bibliography 41-42 appendixes 43-46 Aims of the Study engineering science has slowly started to rule our lives. No matter where we are, we have entry to some sort of technological appliance much(prenominal) as cell reve rberates, computers or televisions.Anything one could think of that might, in even the slightest way, make our lives easier is now available. So many different types of devices have been conceived and developed that is has become a complicated and confusing decision when trying to choose the even off product. Computers and former(a) forms of technology impact our lives daily. We encounter computers in stores, restaurants, and other retail establishments. We use computers and the Inter engagement regularly to obtain information, make out online entertainment, buy product and services as well as communicating with others. closely of us carry a computer or a mobile phone with us at all times so we can remain in touch with others on a continual basis and can access internet information by the touch of a thatton. Businesses use computers to keep track of bank transactions, inventories, sales, credit card purchases and also provide business executives up to date information to make im portant decisions. G everyplacenments use computers to support our nations defense remains, for space exploration, for storing and organizing vital information of citizens, and other important tasks. Computers are used everywhere, and is a vital tool in ones life.When you acidify to your computer, its nice to think youre in gibe. Theres the trusty computer mouse, which you can move anywhere on the screen, summoning up your music library or the internet web browser by one click. Although its easy to feel ilk the director in front of your own desktop or laptop, on that points a lot going on in side, and the real man behind all these operations is the Operating clay. The conclude of an operating arranging is to organize and control hardware and software so that the device it lives in behaves in a flexible honest when predictable way.Most desktop or laptop PCs come pre-loaded with Microsoft Windows. macintosh computers come pre-loaded with mack OS X. The operating system (O S) is the first thing loaded onto the computer. Without the operating system, a computer is useless. When it comes to computer technology, the two biggest giants are Microsoft and orchard apple tree. Microsoft and apple are by and tremendous the biggest producers in cutting edge consumer and business products. Between the two companies, they continue to push the envelope when it comes to developing software and hardware.Question is, which do people prefer? Prior to this, Ive decided to base my study on The buying decisions of consumers, as to whether they prefer Microsoft or apple products Research Objectives Research Objectives ascertains specific points that may aid in gathering information related to the main objective. The purpose of this research will be * To know the factors that impact the buying decisions of customers * To determine the products and services provided to customers Literature ReviewAs stated by (Allan 2001), Microsoft Corporation is an American public m ultinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing by its various product divisions. While jointly developing a new Operating System (OS), working alongside IBM, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows. On February 26th 1986, moved its headquarters to Redmond, and decided to make the company go public.Microsoft worked closely with orchard apple tree during the development of apples macintoshintosh computer, which was introduced in 1984. Revolutionary in its design, the Mac have a graphical user interface based on icons rather than the typed commands used by the IBM PC, making its programs artless to use and easy to learn, even by computer novices. ( Iceboat, Daniel, and Susan L. Knepper 1991 p. 304) orchard apple tree INC was established on April 1, 1976 in Cupertino, California, and in corporeald January 3, 1977 the company was previously n amed apple Computer, Inc. for its first 30 years, except removed the word Computer on January 9, 2007, to reflect the companys ongoing expansion into the consumer electronics market in addition to its traditional focus on personalized computers. (Price 1987) On August 15, 1998, Apple introduced a new all-in-one computer important of the Macintosh 128K the iMac. The iMac design team was led by Jonathan Ive, who would later design the iPod and the iPhone. The iMac featured modern technology and a unique design. It sold close to 800,000 units in its first five months.Through this period, Apple purchased several companies to create a portfolio of professional and consumer-oriented digital production software. On May 19, 2001, Apple opened the first official Apple Retail Stores in Virginia and California. Later on July 9 they bought Spruce Technologies, a DVD authoring company. The same year, Apple introduced the iPod portable digital audio player. The product was phenomenally success ful all over 100 million units were sold within sixsome years. In 2003, Apples iTunes Store was introduced, offering online music downloads for $0. 99 a song and combination with the iPod.The service right away became the market leader in online music services, with over 5 trillion downloads by June 19, 2008. It can understandably be said that when it comes to computer technology, the two biggest names are Microsoft and Apple. (Suhail 2009) It success has become so immense that a customers choice can either be one of the two. opposite competitors are too far off, solely what do these two giants give in return to society? To most people, Microsoft re endues computing. Those with a dynamic interest in technology usually believe that Microsoft Windows is the computer.This kind of print association you wont see in other companies, which makes it a very powerful source in the world of technology. Apple computers have braggy very popular in the locomote a few(prenominal) years, an d its simplicity and user-friendly attributes is what keeps customers captivated. Historically, Microsoft began the personal computer revolution with their Windows Operating System, which offered people a different computer programme for their computer deficiencys. Apple also introduced, with their own line of Macintosh computers and devices, though it did have it ups and downs.Microsoft followed a general policy by marketing their computers with non- hurty hardware and software parts which allowed every house to have a PC (personal computer). People can afford their computers with no restrictions on the type of hardware. Apple had a different mind frame whereby they went for exclusivity and decided to sell their products at a much higher(prenominal) price than Microsoft PCs. Its elite hardware and software is what makes it more expensive. (Admin 2010) Although where Apple has the upper hand over Microsoft is related to security. Apple Mac computers are generally more secure beca use of its OSX operating system. Suhail 2009) It has more protection built in against malware and viruses. use of unafraids and servicesers want to feel comfortable and safe, knowing that the product they are purchasing is protected against threat at all times. Windows (operating system of Microsoft) is more prone to malware and viruses, and requires expensive protection software to make the PC more secure. Another advantage of Apple computers is they are more efficient when it comes to prowess acceleration and games. Microsoft has problems with that. If one would buy a Microsoft based PC, they would need to spend an additional amount to handle graphics of that scale.On the other hand, Microsoft is committed in making its products and services easier for everyone to use. The Windows operating system has many in-built accessibility features that are useful for individuals who have difficulty in typewriting, using the mouse, seeing or hearing difficulties. Microsoft also produces o ther computer hardwares such as Xbox, Zune, Xbox 360 and MSN TV. (MSJ 1986) Apple also offers a wide variety of products such as the iPhone, iPod, Apple TV and the newly introduced iPad. Factors affecting buying decision HomepageThe homepage is one of the most important pages of the whole site because its the first, and in many cases the only chance you sustain to impress the visitor large to keep them browsing. Youve got a few seconds to convince them that the site has enough value for them to keep using it, because if it doesnt, the visitors will leave. Apples approach to the homepage has been consistent end-to-end all the years that the site has been running. They use this page as a kind of advertising board that incessantly shows a big ad of their a la mode(p) product, followed by 3 other ads to another 3 products or news that is important at the moment.If youre not interested in any of the 4 suggested items, you can use the large seafaring bar at the top, which is split int o their core businesses Mac, iPod and iPhone, followed by a couple of other important links, such as the online store and support pages. The navigation bar also incorporates a search field. (Dmitry Fadeyev) One other thing to note is the neediness of content. Youre not distract by sidebars, notices or extra navigation items there are only a few items on the page, focusing your attention and making the decision of where to go next easier. Microsoft has a different approach to their homepage.Firstly, they feature a similar style of ad at the top, designed to be attention grabbing. These are large images, but only one out of 3 ads is shown at a time you have to hover over the other two to expand them. This focuses attention, but may potentially weaken the effectiveness of the two hidden ads since the visitor has to work to see them right at the top of the page is the navigation, together with search. be given All of the content of Microsoft is extremely monotonous, especially the L earn More box with a list of 8 links. The dry extraditeation gives the user less bonus to click around.Some Microsoft sites use better layout to direct the flow of attention, but they generally all suffer from the same illness too much content. When you present the user with too many choices, you make them work they have to think about what they want and they have to process more information. By reducing choice, Apple directs the users through a more carefully designed funnel, which generally delivers a better experience. (Dmitry Fadeyev) Navigation Apples website has a large navigation bar at the top, which remains there consistently whichever section of the site you go to.The options available show the main sections split by its lines of business as well as a couple of essentials, such as support and the store. The bar also integrates search and branding as the home button displays the Apple logo rather of a label. Any extra sub-navigation is located on individual site pages an d is placed within the context of that page, whether on a sidebar, or as a horizontal bar at the top. Microsoft has a similar navigation bar on the homepage, but that navigation bar is not consistent across the site. Actually, all of the sub-pages tend to use their own navigation bar, in style and in content.The homepage navigation thus acts as a site map to the rest of the Microsoft website sections. In a lot of the navigation bars, including the one on the homepage, Microsoft uses drop-down identity cards unlike Apple. They dont just use drop-down carte du jours they use huge drop-down menus. In some cases, the menu even has a scrollbar (in Firefox) Is this good or bad? In a recent Alertbox entry, Jakob Nielsen, a well known usability guru, has written that mega drop-down menus can work. They work because they present a lot of choices in groups, so they allow for easier scanning as you can jump to the group that you want and scan the items inside them.You have to get certain t hings right though, like the order of the groups and only mentioning distributively element once, for them to work well. In this case, it makes sense for Microsoft to go the route of the drop-down menus, but feel that they may have gone a little too far. For example, some options point to the same thing, like the Office drop down and Office option in the All Products drop down. The drop-down also blocks the content below, so if you accidentally moused over the menu, you have to mouse off from it again to get to the content below all the while being careful not to hover over other items.There are also a lot of options under each group sometimes showing about 13 items, which makes processing the options much more difficult. Also, the in consonance of navigation across the different sections makes it much harder to jump from one area of the site to another, e. g from the Office site to the Xbox site. (Dmitry Fadeyev) Readability Because most of the content on the sites is text, its vital to ensure that everything is readable and legible. Here are the main things to make out when working on readability of your sites content * Make the text large enough so that its easy to see and read. regard that there is enough contrast betwixt the text and background. * Provide enough white space around the text to keep other content and graphics from distracting the reader. * Provide plenty of headings or highlighted/bold text to allow users to quickly scan the content for key information. * Add images and icons to make it easier to focus on individual sections of the text, i. e. product or feature descriptions. * Keep the text short and to the point. Apple does a great job of keeping everything easy to read.The text is generally small, but never too small so as to be a problem. Headings are set in heavier type and stand out, allowing you to quickly get the total of each section. Apple also makes heavy use of white space to separate everything apart and adds images to m ake each text blurb more interesting. It follows the general usability guidelines by breaking things down into small bite size pieces of text that are easy to digest. It looks a lot busier than the Apple site because there is more content on one page and there are many different treatments for headings and highlighted words. Dmitry Fadeyev) Too much variety causes visual chaos on the page, with each different colored or bold item competing for your attention. In this case, the page sincerely needs to be simplified to make it easier for the viewer to process. Search Apples search is integrated into the navigation bar. When you type something in the search box you actually get live search results with AJAX, by way of a little box which pops up, showing you the results as you type. Its very well done there is no lag when typing, the results are grouped in categories and are fetched very quickly, usually before you finish typing your full query.If you want to see more results you can just hit Enter when youve finished typing and youll be taken to the standard search results page. Its very clean and organized by categories. You can drill the results further down by category, selectable from the menu on the right. Its functional and clean, and works well when youre trying to find any products that they sell. Aesthetics Apples website aesthetics closely mirrors that of its product line. The navigation bar looks like its crafted out of aluminium and features gentle gradients and indented text. There are also plenty of reflections and minimalist design elements.Apple has always worked on unifying the look and feel of its interface across its immaculate product line, from the hardware to software, and their website is no exception. Do aesthetics have anything to do with usability? Actually, they do. Research shows that people perceive better looking at interfaces as more usable. The site follows a faint Windows theme with the light blue clouds, but there is little e lse to avow that this is a page for Internet Explorer or Windows. The look and feel is very generic and doesnt do enough to differentiate itself or skeleton a coherent brand.The designs are boilersuit pretty good, but pretty good just isnt enough. There are plenty of inconsistencies and a lack of polish, which puts Apple ahead in this area. Consistency Consistency is important because it allows you to develop usage patterns. This basically means that if your site has a consistent interface throughout, your visitors will quickly learn how it works and will be able to use this knowledge in any of the new pages that they visit, since theyll all be using the same, or very similar, interface. Apple does a great job of keeping the interface consistent.All of the product pages feature very similar aesthetics and are structured in the same way. The whole site looks and feels the same throughout and the global navigation bar at the top is always there, on every page. This means that the en tire experience is very unified and coherent you know youre on the same website wherever you go. Could you tell that this is a Microsoft page if you took away their logo? Custom graphics, styles and colour palettes across all the Microsoft sections help little to keep a coherent brand image on the web. Microsoft really struggles here.There are many different sections across Microsoft. com and they all feature their own look and feel, including their own navigation. So once you go to a section on their site, be it the Microsoft store, the Office site, or the Security pages, they will all look and feel like separate websites. Whats worse, the global navigation bar is also gone, meaning that you have to go back to the homepage, or the site map, to see an overview of all of their sites. Its really an ecosystem of websites hosted under the same domain and therefore it doesnt get the benefit of consistency that Apple has.The brand image is also terribly fragmented making it impossible t o define what a Microsoft site looks like. (Dmitry Fadeyev) Marketing Nobody will suggest that Apple is the kind of viral marketing. You might find some PC ads/commercials on local magazines and newspapers, but you will not find great Mac vs PC / Get a Mac / Buy a Mac / Hello, I am a Mac, and I am a PC commercials like Apple produces. Security When it comes to Mac vs. PC security concerns, many experts think that Windows has caught up with Apple.Before Microsoft Windows 7, we have all heard that Windows operating system is a calculateed curriculum for malicious attacks. Of course it is true, but the question is. Does the operating system has the right tools to defend itself? With Mac computers, you wont need to worry about viruses as you do in Windows operating system. The real problem is not only about viruses, but about security breaches that allow hackers to penetrate into your computer, and steal your valuable art works, photographs and important (and sometimes secret) media assets.It was proven that both Windows 7 and Mac OS X Snow Leopard have their own glitches. DailyTech. com posted an article, reflexion that one prominent Mac hacker has pointed out that Mac OS X Snow Leopard is less secured than Microsoft Windows 7 OS. Well, if a Celeb hacker says so, we should probably take it pretty seriously. So it seems, at least when making a business decision, that you shouldnt pick a Macintosh over a PC, just because people are telling you that Macintosh doesnt have viruses, or they are more secure. Apple OS X Snow Leopard is based on the UNIX core.That fact alone doesnt make it more secure than Windows 7 as you can see. We just couldnt ignore the fact that viruses are real pain in the axe. As a power PC user, with all those pop-out windows saying You have been infected with a Virus I would probably be very happy knowing that I can work quietly, without worrying about viruses and all that crux horrors that the Internet brings with it. You just cant blame W indows operating system for being more popular. Financial Analysis Its important to step back and audition just how close each of these companies really are in terms of revenue and earnings.Analysts polled by Thomson Reuters expect Apple to report approximately $2. 85 cardinal in net income ($3. 07 in EPS) on about $14. 62 billion in revenue when it releases its results. Yet, its well known that Apple regularly beats consensus estimates by quite a large margin and that actual results will come in well preceding(prenominal) the consensus. Just last quarter, Apple not only beat revenue estimates by over $1 billion, but it annihilated EPS estimates by reporting $0. 88 above the $2. 45 consensus a 36% beat.In fact, Apple has regularly beaten consensus estimates by well over 35% each quarter over the previous(prenominal) year. (Andy M. Zaky) Financial Alchemists Turley Muller, who is currently the most accurate psychoanalyst on Apple, offers a more realistic view of the company. Mul ler believes that Apple will report about $3. 1 billion in net income on ($3. 35 in EPS) on $15. 15 billion in revenue. And while I think Muller has left some room for upside surprise, its understandably best to use his numbers rather than the consensus as a measure of comparison. Microsoft, on the other hand, is expected to earn $4. billion in net income ($0. 46 in EPS) on $15. 26 billion in revenue when it releases its results just a hair above Mullers revenue estimates for Apple. And while Microsoft regularly reports upside surprises itself, the opening between consensus estimates and Microsofts actual results is nowhere near as wide as it is with Apples results. Thus, if Apple reports at the higher end of Mullers estimates, and if Microsoft reports closer to the consensus, its quite possible that Apple might have a shot to beat Microsoft in revenue for the first time in its history this quarter.The chart (Appendix 2(A) details a every quarter revenue comparison of Apple and Mi crosoft over the past few years. As one can see from the chart, Apple is within striking distance of colossal Microsofts quarterly revenue. Since Microsoft and Apple are on a different fiscal year, the chart realigns their results based on the calendar year. (Andy M. Zaky) So the big story in tech earnings is whether history will be made in the decades-long battle between Apple and Microsoft, or whether Microsoft will postpone the inevitable and maintain its dominance over Apple for at least one more quarter.Even if Apple doesnt beat Microsoft in sales this quarter, it will almost certainly do so next quarter and by quite a large margin. For the September quarter, analysts expect Apple to generate approximately $16. 81 billion in revenue compared to a projected $15. 16 billion in revenue for Microsoft. So even conservative estimates, which have yet to be adjusted to neb for iPad sales, already put Apple ahead of Microsoft by nearly $1. 2 billion next quarter. My estimates put Appl e ahead by $3. 2 billion as I expect Apple to record nearly $18. 9 billion in revenue.Whats even more surprising is that Apple will probable far surpass Microsoft in revenue for the entire 2012 fiscal year (Appendix 2(B). Im looking for Apple to record $81. 6 billion in revenue, well above the $70 billion Im expecting out of Microsoft for the year. You can view my track record on Apple at Philip Elmer-DeWitts column Apple 2. 0. Even the analyst consensus puts Apple well ahead of Microsoft next year, with revenue estimates of $72. 6 billion (AAPL) versus $67 billion (MSFT). The chart below compares Apple and Microsofts annual fiscal revenue for the past several years.While quarterly data must be compared on the calendar year to show a side by side comparison over a particular 3-month period, yearly data can be analyzed on the fiscal year. And, what about other metrics? Net income growth, total net income, total net cash, cash flow, book value, total assets and the economic sensitivi ty of each companys primary operations are just a few of the other key factors to consider when comparing the two companies. While Apple will surpass Microsoft in revenue in the near future, that doesnt necessarily mean that Apple automatically deserves a larger market capitalization.But it does appear that Apple will not only record more revenue than Microsoft, it will also in conclusion (within the next few years) earn more in net income, generate a larger amount of cash, and outpace Microsoft in terms of growth in net income and revenue. The earnings beat wont come easy for Apple. Due to Microsofts extraordinarily high operating margin, the only way Apple will beat Microsoft in earnings is by simply outpacing it in sales. Since Microsoft pushes more of its revenue to the bottom line, Apple will have to significantly outpace Microsoft in revenue to win on the net income front.The chart below compares Apple and Microsofts net income for the last several fiscal years (Appendix 2(C ). Though these two companies no womb-to-tomb really operate in the same space as they once did with Apple turning its focus on the consumer and Microsoft on enterprise spending, both companies are tyrannical their respective industries. Update 7/20 As expected, Apple has once again crushed the consensus estimates on the top line, beating analyst revenue expectations by over well $1 billion when it reported $15. 7 billion in revenue Tuesday afternoon. In fact, Apple even surpassed my lofty expectations of $15. billion by $100 million in sales. Unless Microsoft far surpasses analyst expectations of $15. 24 billion in revenue, it appears that Apple has already won the race. Microsoft primarily makes its profits from business to business, which in the first place consists of selling licenses to its operating system to computer manufacturers and office suites for enterprises. Thats not to say that they dont sell to consumers they do, and they have consumer only product lines as well , such as the Xbox gaming console, and of course home users also buy Windows and Office.This means that their business targets pretty much everyone, from home computer owners to developers and enterprises which in turn stretches the purpose of their website to try and serve everyone. On the other hand, Apple is primarily a consumer company, and makes most of its profit selling hardware, like its iPod music players and Mac computers. This makes the target of Apples site much clearer marketing, selling and providing support for its products to consumers.They dont have to worry about selling licenses to manufacturers because theyre the only manufacturer, so the key purpose of the website would be to advertise and promote their multiple product lines, as well as selling them through their online store. (Andy M. Zaky) Cost Analysis Other factor that affects buying decision is cost. People have been arguing online about how much more expensive Macs are than PCs or not for more than a d ecade (and in print for years before that). These discussions usually involve some hard facts but also some persistent myths. As a longtime Windows guy who has recently migrated to the Mac, I think Im in a retty good position to try and sort out reality from fiction. Lets take a look at what you can really get for your money these days. Hardware For those of you who are left, what I have found in my research is that neither side has a lock on good value. If you start with Apples relatively short list of SKUs (three or four model variations for each of its lines, such as MacBook Pro, MacBook, and iMac) and thence look for comparable Windows machines, youll find that Apple bests the competition in some ways and not in others, but the pricing, overall, is surprisingly on par.Only a few years ago, it seemed like a no-brainer that Windows hardware was much cheaper. But if youre talking name-brand hardware, thats just no longer the case. On the other hand, if you search the Windows side f irst, youll quickly discover machines that in features and price fit in between the Mac SKUs. And in those niches, they represent very good values. So theres one answer to the question of whether Macs or Windows represent a better value If one of those in between PCs suits your needs best, youd be paying an unnecessary premium to get a Mac instead.Lets look at some hard numbers. I started my research with top-of-the-line notebook computers I spent an hour on Dells site trying to find the cheapest notebook that offered everything Apples $2,799 MacBook Pro 17 provides. That includes * Glossy 17-in. screen with 1,680-by-1,050-pixel resolution (optional 1,920-by-1,200 resolution for $100 more) * 2. 4-GHz Core 2 Duo processor * 2GB of RAM (upgradeable to 4GB) * 256MB Nvidia GeForce 8600M GT video * 160GB 5,400-rpm SATA hard stick * 8x SuperDrive (DVD+R DL/DVDRW/CD-RW) Gigabit Ethernet port * 54Mbps a/b/g/Draft n Wi-Fi * Bluetooth 2. 0+EDR, Express Card/34 card slot * Three USB ports * One FireWire 800 port * One FireWire 400 port * DVI port * Built-in insight video camera * One-year warranty (upgradeable to three years) I continued my comparisons with a visit to Circuit City last weekend to take a look at high-end 17-in. notebook PCs. Like Dell, Sony has one with every conceivable bell and whistle selling for more than $3,000 the Vaio VGN-AR390E, which goes for $3,150.Like all the other Windows models available at Circuit City, the processor is a 2GHz Core 2 Duo, slow-moving than the one in the MacBook Pro. On the other hand, the Vaio comes through with 1,920-by-1,200-pixel screen resolution, a 5,400 rpm 240GB hard drive, and a whopping 527MB of video memory. Like the Dell, though, at 8. 4 lb. , the Vaio makes the 6. 8 lb. MacBook Pro look like a lightweight. Moving downscale a little, both Hewlett-Packard and Toshiba have models in the $2,000 range that approximate the MacBook Pros equipment.The HP marquise DV9260US comes with the Intel Core 2 Duo 2-GHz pr ocessor, a 240GB 5,400 rpm drive, Windows Vista Ultimate, and a 17-in. screen whose maximum resolution is only 1,440 by 900 pixels (a major drawback). Circuit Citys price is $2,000. Bottom line Assuming that you want a high-end notebook PC designed to work, play, and be your everyday machine with style, the MacBook Pro is a surprisingly good value. The models that I compared it with, the Sony and the Dell, had some extras here and there, but they were also more expensive.The key to the perception that Macs are more expensive is that Apple offers very few in-between models. A graph showing the market capitalization between Apple and Microsoft conducted by (T3 2009) shows that in the year 2000, Microsoft had a huge upper hand over Apple, and did so for a long period. It wasnt until March 2005 that Apple started to rise and actually started to have a competing chance. Research Methodology Research Design The research paper design conducted is a descriptive one because it involves obse rving and describing the behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way.This rule is used to obtain a general overview of the subject, and answers who, what, and why of the study. It is also useful where it is not possible to test and measure the large number of samples needed for more quantitative types of experimentation. They are a lot used by market researchers to judge the habits of customers, or by companies wishing to judge the morale of staff. The results from a descriptive research can in no way be used as a definite answer or to disapprove a hypothesis but, if the limitations are understood, they can hitherto be a useful tool in many areas of scientific research. JA Maxwell 2005) Research Approach As the research design is descriptive, the research approach would be a qualitative one. Qualitative research is a method of inquiry appropriated in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further con texts. (Creswell 2003) A qualitative study indicates that no statistical tools will be applied within the research. Methods such as surveys, questionnaires and interviews can be done when dealing with a qualitative research approach. Research InstrumentResearchers have decided to carry out interviews to obtain the responses they need for study. (See Appendix 1 for interview questions) A set of questions will be asked to the interviewee, and their answers will be dealt accordingly. The interview questions will be structured as there are specific questions the researchers will ask the respondents. Qualitative nature of study contains independent variables along with various assumptions. Sampling Design A non-probability sampling technique will be used in this study. This method of sampling is non-random and subjective.Each respondent does not have a known nonzero chance of being included. A toilet facility sampling method will be applied. The researchers will choose freely those res pondents who are the most convenient. The researchers will interview people from I. T departments in areas of telecom Centers (mainly concentrating on consumers). Data Analysis Being a qualitative study, descriptive statistics would be used to produce data and evaluate results. The data that is generated, from the interview (See Appendix 1 for interview questions) technique will be analyzed qualitatively.This would be followed by physically reading the miscellaneous number of responses and then concluding to which company people prefer. A little less than a year ago, Wall Street reached a Microsoft vs. Apple milestone for the first time, Apples corporate value surpassed Microsofts. And Apples market cap (the total value of all of its contends) topped Microsofts even though the latter company had more revenue and double the profit margins. Clearly, Wall Street was looking at growth potential, not current income statements and balance sheets, in anointing Apple the more compelling b uy.What has happened since? With Apple due to report its latest quarterly earnings Microsoft reports its numbers next week we look at some recent numbers, as well as data over time. Market cap While total values for Microsoft and Apple were close last spring, thats no longer the case. Since May 26, 2011, when Apple first inched ahead of Microsoft, Apples market capitalization has risen from US$223 billion to more than US$306 billion (as of April 14). Microsofts, meanwhile, has slipped from US$219 billion to US$212 billion. Sharon Machlis) Bottom line Wall Street currently thinks more highly of Apples growth potential and overall prospects than it does of Microsofts. Investors were right last year, but only time can tell whether that outlook is still justified, given the companys high stock price. Market share Beyond Wall Street, how do the companies stack up in the battle for tech users? Microsoft maintained an overwhelming lead in the desktop operating system business, keeping a r oughly 92 percent share of the market from 2005 to 2009 (the last figures available from IDC).Mac OS Xs share has varied between just 3. 5 percent and 4. 0 percent. Apple took a significant lead in the Smartphone race, capturing 15. 7 percent of the worldwide market last year, compared with just 4. 2 percent for Microsoft. However, both Gartner and IDC predict Microsofts Windows Phone will beat out Apples iOS for mobile market share by 2015, with Gartner expecting a 19. 5 percent share for Microsoft and 17. 2 percent for Apple. In addition, Apple had a commanding 87. 4 percent share of the worldwide digs market last year, according to IDC.Gartner predicts Apple will keep a 69 percent share this year and will still have 47 percent by 2015. Windows doesnt show up in that forecast. Bottom line In one high-growth area, smartphones, several influential analysts believe Microsoft will eventually come out on top. In another, tablets, its getting crushed. However, Microsoft has maintained its enormous lead on the desktop. Investment value over time If you invested US$1,000 in each companys stock on Jan. 3, 2000, what would you have ended up with in April 2011?Accounting for stock splits and, in Microsofts case, dividends, but excluding taxes and brokers fees, you would have US$2,072 from Microsoft stock and US$13,294 from Apple stock. And if you had invested US$1,000 in each company on May 26 last year, your Apple stock would have been worth US$1,427 in mid-April, compared with US$1,033 for your Microsoft stock. Bottom line Apple has been by far the superior investment over the past decade. Revenue Microsofts fiscal year 2006 revenue was more than double Apples FY 06 revenue US$44. 3 billion to US$19. 3 billion. What has happened since?Apples revenues have more than tripled, while Microsofts have grown by less than 50 percent. Bottom line Apples fiscal year 2010 revenue edged Microsofts, US$65. 2 billion to US$62. 5 billion. (Note Microsofts fiscal year is July throu gh June, and Apples is October through September. ) Profits Microsofts profits were six times larger than Apples in their respective 2006 fiscal years. Apples net income has subsequently grown sevenfold, while Microsofts has increased roughly 50 percent. (Sharon Machlis) Bottom line While Microsoft still generates more profits than Apple, the chess opening has narrowed significantly.If current trends continued a big if Apple would likely top Microsofts profits in a couple of years. Number of employees Microsoft still employs substantially more people than Apple does, although the size of Microsofts workforce has dropped a bit, from 93,000 in 2009 to 89,000 in 2010. Apples reported headcount has been rising, with a significant jump from 34,300 in 2009 to 46,600 in 2010. Bottom line Apples revenue per employee at the end of its 2010 fiscal year was substantially higher than Microsofts US$1. 4 million versus US$702,000.Likewise, Apples profits per employee were US$300,429, compared with US$211,236 for Microsoft. So how do they stack up overall? Opinions aside, Apple has impressed investors much more than Microsoft has, despite the latters considerably larger size and continued dominance on the desktop. Apples recent ability to create category-changing (or category-creating) devices such as the iPhone and the iPad as it did with the iPod several years earlier appears to carry much more weight than Microsofts assured, still income stream from a maturing market.However, experts do expect Microsoft to overtake Apple in the Smartphone market. Bottom line Those of us who thought a year ago that Apple might be overvalued have been proven wrong so far. Conclusion Which Company do people prefer? After all the analysis it can be understood from this study that a lot of reason and authentic facts impact on specific company and buyers decision. There is always a continuous rivalry between the two companies, but the most important thing to consider before buying a compu ter is the purpose it will serve.Microsoft primarily makes its profits from business to business, which mainly consists of selling licenses to its operating system to computer manufacturers and office suites for enterprises. On the other hand, Apple is primarily a consumer company, and makes most of its profit selling hardware, like its iPod music players and Mac computers. This makes the target of Apples site much clearer marketing, selling and providing support for its products to consumers. (Andy M. Zaky) If youre looking at usability alone, Apple comes out ahead.They have a better designed homepage that offers less choice, which means the user needs to think less. They have consistent navigation across all of their pages. They use a lot of white space and sub-headings to make everything more readable, yet they keep things simple by not overusing too many different text treatments. The Apple site is generally more user friendly and offers a much better experience to consumers wh o use it to add out Apples latest products. Having said this, the Apple website is much smaller in scale than Microsofts site.Unlike Apple, Microsoft hosts many different sites and sections under the Microsoft. com brand, creating a whole ecosystem of sub-sites. Each site is packed with information and the live powered search that Microsoft offers tends to yield good results. The biggest problem for Microsoft is consistency. (Dmitry Fadeyev). In a nutshell, both companies need some area to improve to fit for customer wants, to give customers master product and to provide consistency in telecommunication originations. BIBLIOGRAPHY WEBSITES Suhail M (2009)-Apple vs Pc What is better?Available http//ezinearticles. com/? Apple-Vs-PCWhat-is-Better? &id=4337642 visited 25th September 2011 Admin (2010)-Why Do People Like Apple Computers So Much? Available http//www. asiaosc. org/why-do-people-like-apple-computers-so-much. html visited 3rd october 2012 Dmitry Fadeyev (2009)-Apple vs. Micro soft A website usability study. Available http//www. webdesignerdepot. com/2009/05/apple-vs-microsoft-a-website-usability-study/ visited twenty-eighth October 2012 Andy M. Zaky (2010)- Apple closes in on Microsoft revenue race. Available http//tech. fortune. cnn. om/2010/07/19/apple-closes-in-on-microsoft-in-revenue-race/ visited 28th October 2012 Sharon Machils (2011)- Analysis Apple versus Microsoft by the numbers. Available http//www. macworld. com. au/blogs/analysis-apple-versus-microsoft-by-the-numbers-28800/ visited 29th November 2012 Journals Thurrott P. (2005) Microsoft The inside account statement (Penton Media) Furgason N. (2009) (Feb) T3 Tomorows Technology Today (issue 48) ISSN-1364-2640 MSJ Microsoft System Journal Publisher Microsoft (1986) Books Allan Roy A. (2001) A History of The Personnel Computer Allan Publishing ISBN 0968910807 Iceboat, Daniel, and Susan L.Knepper, (1991) The Making of Microsoft How Bill Gates and His Team Created the Worlds Most Successful Software Company, Rocklin, Calif. Prima Publishing, p. 304 Price R. (1987). So Far The First Ten Years of a Vision. Apple Computer. ISBN-978-1-55693-974-7. Creswell J. W. (2003) Research design Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications. APPENDIX-1 Interview Questions The following questions will be asked by the interviewer to the respondent, which will aid study in finding out which of two companies most people prefer. Which company do you prefer, Microsoft or Apple? * Why do you prefer the company you have chosen? * What are the advantages and disadvantages of the company you have selected? * In your opinion, which company has a greater market share? * Which product do you widely use in your environment? * Have you ever set about major barriers in your company? Explain. * Who are your major competitors? * What advice would you give to weaker companies? How can they improve in order to attract customers, regain lost customers and r etain present customers? APPENDIX 2(A) APPENDIX 2(B) APPENDIX 2(C)