Bentton Group

From the book: Managerial Accounting for Managers by Noreen, Brewer, and Garrison Research and Application 5-34 The questions in this exercise are based on the Benetton Group, a company headquartered in Italy and known in the United States primarily for one of its brands of fashion apparel-United Colors of Benetton. To answer the questions, you will need to download the Benetton Group’s 2004 Annual Report at www. benetton. com/investors . You do not need to print this document to answer the questions. Required: 1. How do the formats of the income statements shown on pages 33 and 50 of Benetton’s annual report differ from one another (disregard everything beneath the line titled â€Å"income from operations†)? Which expenses shown on page 50 appear to have been reclassified as variable selling costs on page 33? 2. Why do you thing cost of sales is included in the computation of contribution margin on page 33? 3. Perform two separate computations of Benetton’s break-even point in euros. For the first computation, use data from 2003. For the second computation, use data from 2004. Why do the numbers that you computed differ from one another? 4. What sales volume would have been necessary in 2004 for Benetton to attain a target income from operations of â‚ ¬300 million? 5. Compute Benetton’s margin of safety using data from 2003 and 2004. Why do your answers for the two years differ from one another? 6. What is Benetton’s degree of operating leverage in 2004? If Benetton’s sales in 2004 had been 6% higher than what is shown in the annual report, what income from operations would the company have earned? What percentage increase in income from operations does this represent? 7. What income from operations would Benetton have earned in 2004 if it had invested an additional â‚ ¬10 million in advertising and promotions and realized a 3% increase in sales? As an alternative, what income from operations would Benetton have earned if it not only invested an additional â‚ ¬10 million in advertising and promotions but also raised its sales commission rate to 6% of sales, thereby generating a 5% increase in sales? Which of these two scenarios would have been preferable for Benetton? . Assume that total sales in 2004 remained unchanged at â‚ ¬1,686 million (as shown on pages 33 and 50); however, the Casual sector sales were â‚ ¬1,554 million, the Sportswear and Equipment sector sales were â‚ ¬45million, and the Manufacturing and Other sector sales were â‚ ¬87 million. What income from operations would Benetton have earned with this sales mix? (Hint: look at pages 36 and 37 of the annual report. ) Why is the income from operations under this scenario different from what is shown in the annual report?

Political Philosophy and Ultimate Happiness Rizal Essay

Functions of the Ruling Officer: * Promote interest and welfare of the people * For the benefit of the governed * Protection of the inhabitants * Administration of justice * Advancement of the physical, economical, social and cultural well- being of the people * Preservation of the state from danger (internal & external) Ideal Qualities of Governing Politician: * Shall have the brains and ability * Political maturity * Experience â€Å"In order to govern people he does not know or understand, he ought to possess the talent of a genius and extraordinary knowledge. † * Jose Rizal. â€Å"The government who fulfils the satisfaction of human expectation is good. The Government that DOES NOT serve the needs of the people but governs to protect the interest and welfare of a few at the expense of many is not good. † * Zulueta â€Å" Government is the monopoly of legitimate use of physical power† * Max Weber * The government is committed to promote: * general welfare, * morals, * intelligence, * social justice * Ultimate happiness Rizal on the Family * Family- the basic and oldest social institution, a very important factor in shaping the character of a child. Family determines: * Child’s social class. * Religious orientation * Language * Upbringing of the children Children are Expected to be: * Loyal * Obedient Parents’ Legacies to children: * Rectitude of judgement * Generosity of rights * Steadfastness in adversity â€Å" The greatest honour that a son can pay his parents is integrity and a good name. † Rizal on Livelihood * Rizal vehemently objected Carl Marx’s Communist ideology. * He regarded livelihood as the government’s focal points to alleviate poverty Communism * ideology referring to the equal distribution of wealth. * The government scoops up all the wealth and distributes them evenly or as needed. Means of having a viable livelihood program: * Equal land ownership * Regulation of capital * Government buys from landlords and place it on workers â€Å"Regulation of Capital† was essential to combat the ill effects of capitalism. Each person’s wealth is based on his own personal production. Rizal on Justice â€Å" Justice is a constant and perpetual will to allot to every man what he is due. † Twin ideals of Justice System * Swiftness- occurrence of a speedy trial * Fairness- justice itself â€Å"Justice delayed is justice denied. † No person shall be deprived of life, liberty and property without due process of law.

An Unconventional Love- Sonnet 130 Essay

If one were talking about a beloved, one would go out of one’s way to praise her and point out all of the ways that she is the best. However, in William Shakespeare’sSonnet 130, Shakespeare spends the poem comparing his mistress’s appearance to other things, and tells the reader how she doesn’t measure up to the comparisons. While using the standard Shakespearean iambic pentameter with a rhyme scheme of AB-AB/CD-CD/EF-EF/GG, he goes through a laundry list, giving us details about the flaws of her body, her smell, and even the sound of her voice. Yet at the end of the poem, he changes his tune and tells the reader about his real and complete love for her. Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130 takes a turn from the clichà © love poems of his time by mocking the common comparisons and telling the truth about his lover’s appearance. The first quatrain briefly describes the woman’s physical appearance by using comparisons to nature. To begin the poem, Shakespeare uses a simile by saying, â€Å"My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun† (1). One may mistake this line as a criticism, but he is merely saying that her eyes are nothing like the sun because they are better than it. The speaker also says, â€Å"If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun† (3). By avoiding a direct simile, Shakespeare gives the reader a strong mental image of sparkling white snow and lays it next to the equally vivid image of dun (grayish-brown) breasts. â€Å"Dun† is often used to describe the color of an animal and is not the kind of thing a woman would like her breasts to be compared to. Throughout the second quatrain, the speaker continues to criticize his mistress’ appearance and breath. Shakespeare says, â€Å"I have  seen roses damasked red and white,/ but no such roses see I in her cheeks† (5-6). White, red, and damasked were the only three colors during the poem’s time period. The speaker says he has seen roses separated by color (â€Å"damasked†) into red and white, but he sees no such roses in his mistress’ cheeks. The use of the word â€Å"damasked'† encourages Shakespeare’s criticism that his mistress is not like the rest of the women. The speaker also says, â€Å"And in some perfumes i s there more delight/ than in the breath that from my mistress reeks† (7-8). The word â€Å"reeks† promotes a strong image of just how far from perfect this woman is and forces the reader to take a look at the definitions of female beauty. The word was not as suggestive of unpleasant exhalations as it is nowadays, but it tended to be associated with steamy, sweaty and unsavory smells. The expression is relative with the earlier description of dun breasts. The third quatrain is a shift from the previous quatrains that describe what the mistress is not by describing her voice and contrasting her to a goddess. Shakespeare says, â€Å"I love to hear her speak, yet well I know/ that music hath a far more pleasing sound† (9-10). In these lines, the speaker draws on a more cultural image, comparing music to his mistress’ voice. He is saying that he literally loves to hear her voice, even though he knows that music is much more pleasant to hear. Alliteration is used in line 11 to emphasis the woman’s gait when the speaker says, â€Å"I gr ant I never saw a goddess go† (line 11). He also says, â€Å"My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground† (line 12). In ancient times, a mortal was able to recognize a goddess by her particular manner of walking. The speaker could be talking about her graceless gait but could also be commenting on the fact that she is not a goddess and walks the earth like any other woman would. William Shakespeare’sSonnet 130 takes a turn from the clichà © love poems of his time by mocking the common comparisons and telling the truth about his lover’s appearance. In the couplet, the speaker shows his full intent, which is to insist that love does not need conceits in order to be real, and women do not need to look like flowers or the sun in order to be beautiful. The exaggerated comparisons make this sonnet enjoyable because the reader is constantly wondering if the speaker hates his mistress or is simply being witty. I chose this poem because I appreciate Shakespeare’s approach in writing this love poem, and I continuously enjoy the poem no matter how many times I re-read it. The satiric tone and use of metaphors  were the most successful elements of the poem, with no unsuccessful elements, in my opinion. Sonnet 130 plays an elaborate joke on the conventions of love poetry common to Shakespeare’s day, and is so well perceived that the joke remains humorous today.

Strategic Management and Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Management and Sustainability - Essay Example specifically. Political: Apple operates across multiple geographies, which imply that the organization is subject to political influence of multiple countries. When an organization operates in a particular nation, it is bound by the country’s predefined business policies. It has been found that in case of Apple, a majority of product sales had originated from countries outside the U.S. market particularly after the recession of 2008 (Apple, 2013). In order to utilize opportunities outside U.S., Apple has steadily spread its manufacturing operations in countries like, Korea, Czech Republic, Ireland and Cork. Diplomatic political relations of U.S. government with the governments in other countries benefits Apple’s operation in dissimilar regions (Hassan, 2014). Tax regulations are also an important determinant of profitability. For instance, introduction of taxes by the Chinese government against foreign companies had significant impact on profitability of the organization. Similarly, the U.K. government had raised VAT by 20%, which is expected to lower consumer spending on luxury items. So, a reduction in purchase of Apple products is likely (BBC News Business, 2011). Economic: There are mainly three important parameters that impact business prospects of Apple, namely inflation, value of currency and recessionary trends. The operations of Apple are subject to currency and exchange rate risks as foreign exchange market remains volatile after recession. One of the major trends since recession of 2008 was contraction in the demand for expensive electronic gadgets in countries of European Union like, Greece, Portugal and Italy (Berglof, E., 2011). However, the impact of recession on emerging countries has been lesser to an extent. It has been observed that rising rate of GDP and per capita income in the emerging countries like, Brazil, India and China, has been

European Community Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

European Community Business Law - Essay Example The characteristics are unique and as such, the European foods with specific characteristics are only approved for production by producers who adhere fully to the traditional methods of production within a given demographic area. Essentially, the notion of PDO delineates that certain food names are protected based on geographic origin or the recipe utilized. Inherent in this notion are clear guidelines for naming the food products.1 First and foremost, PDO was instituted in 1993 as a direct result of legislation of the European Union. Under this legislation, there were clear and concise guidelines for the systematic naming of foods based on a protocol as defined by the European Union. Utilizing this systematic naming protocol, EU certifies regional and traditional foods whereby these foods are guaranteed to be authentic and to have originated from the alleged region. Under this system, foods or beverages registered through the EU are given legal protection against imitation along with the right to litigate to protect those rights2 In order for a product to be registered and the producers offered the rights that accompany registration, there must be a formal application made to the Department of environment, food and rural affairs (Defra). The application must be accompanied by supporting documentation which indicates that the food product is produced, processed and prepared within a geographic area and by virtue of this, the product has inherent characteristics that derive from the geographic area. The application is then examined by the staff of Defra and any pertinent questions may be raised and correspondence incited between the applicant and the Defra officials. If the application proves to have some merit after the Defra investigation, it is then passed on to the European Commission for further investigation. When the application reaches the European Commission, the Commission is afforded up to six months to determine the validity of the claim. In so doing, the Commission is free to seek the assistance o f the Scientific Committee which is established solely for this purpose. In offering assistance, the Scientific Committee can conduct tests and offer expert opinion with regards to the geographic origin of the product. If after consulting with the Scientific Committee, the Commission is satisfied that the product warrants PDO registration, a summary sheet of the product is published in the Official Journal of the European Community. At this point, the registration is open for objections for the next six months. If no objections are made, then the product is officially registered with the European Union and offered the status of PDO.3 This status affords the producers the following benefits: Legal protection throughout the European Union. This protection prevents the imitation of a PDO product and in cases where there is imitation, it offers litigious assistance. Increased awareness of the existence of the product and the potential to promote it both locally and throughout the European Union. Increased funding potential through the lure of public funds. Strategic product positioning at the high-end of the market. A larger customer base.4 Currently, there are twelve products which have attained the PDO designation. These products are Buxton Blue cheese, White stilton cheese - Blue stilton cheese and Dovedale cheese all of which are associated with the

The Rotana Hotels Management Corporation Research Paper

The Rotana Hotels Management Corporation - Research Paper Example Recommendations based on the Operations Management are given at the end of the report. The Rotana Hotels Management Corporation known as the Rotana Hotels’ basic philosophy is that ‘hospitality is a fine art. There is no way it can be learned; it has to be a way of life.’ Even though it is very simple, yet it clearly illustrates the fact that the aspect of hospitality is a part of every level of the organization and is the basic foundation to its standards. The Rotana Hotels Management Corporation known as the Rotana Hotels, one of the leading hotel management companies in the Middle East, was established in 1992, by a partnership between Nasser Al Nowais and Selim El Zyr, who were joined three years later by Nael Hashweh and Imad Elias. The Rotana Hotels Management Corporation started its operation as Rotana hotel in 1993 in Abu Dhabi. â€Å"Our vision is to be the Leading and Preferred Hospitality Management Company within the Middle East, operating Hotels, Suites, and Resorts. We have the expertise, the passion and the competitive strength to achieve this goal†. â€Å"We will identify and exceed the expectations of our Guests, Staff, and Owners through innovative and creative solutions, combined with personalized care to gain their loyalty. We will constantly maintain International quality standards complemented with traditional Arabic Hospitality†. The forecasting for hiring new staff at Rotana Hotels mainly depends on the increase in the number of branches or new extensions. This indicates that if Rotana Hotels is extending its existing operations then they would work on recruiting or promoting previous staff for the new positions available. Forecasting demand: According to the requirements of the operations and making use  of the trend analysis based on previous information regarding the experienced occupancy, Rotana Hotels is able to forecast the forthcoming needs of employment in every aspect by using both bottoms-up forecasting and to down forecasting.

F. R. Leaviss Description of Hard Times as a Moral Fable Essay

F. R. Leaviss Description of Hard Times as a Moral Fable - Essay Example To delve deep into the contention of this great man regarding one of the all time masterpieces in English literature, â€Å"Hard Times† by Charles Dickens and to examine the contention of Leavis regarding â€Å"Hard Times† as a moral fable, it become mandatory at the outset, to analyse and explore the subtle aspects operating through the novel’s scheme of things and the background and social conditions in which it was produced. Since the publication of the novel, it has been widely received and criticised by different critics across the globe and from different age. Apart from Leavis, George Bernard Shaw and Thomas Macaulay had criticised the novel on the aspect of Dickens’ delineation of the Utilitarian, trade unions and post-Industrial Revolution which neatly divided the capitalist mill owners and worker class in the British society during Victorian Era. Hard Times as A Moral Fable: Through the Eyes of Leavis ‘Hard Times - For These Times’ o r popularly known by the name of only Hard Times is the tenth novel authored by Charles Dickens and was published in the year 1854. To understand the contention of F.R. Leavis in coining the novel as a moral fable, it becomes essentially important to understand the literary term ‘moral fable’ in the first place. Moral fable is a kind of a story that involves the imagination and logic and combines them at the same platform.

Lindsay Lohan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lindsay Lohan - Essay Example According to Russell Davies, Lindsay Lohan's negative publicity is helping her lagging career. Her target audience loves the drama in her life and has her fans begging for more. She appeals to her audience in the following ways: Drama: She is constantly embroiled in one drama or another; whether it is getting into a fight with her father or breaking up with her celebrity boyfriends or girlfriends. She has got more than enough media coverage over her love life In the past few years Lindsay has been in the news for all the wrong reasons. Drunken driving, alcoholism, addiction to prescription drugs, party hopping and multiple sexual relationships. Lohan's self- destructive behavior has generated concern among her fans that have idolized her. Achievement: Lindsay has been driven by the need of achievement at a very young age and has achieved success when she was a mere child. The possibility of failure may have made her insecure; hence it has come out in the destructive behavior that she has been indulging in lately. Autonomy: Perhaps the need for asserting her independence after years of shouldering the surrogate responsibility of supporting her family has led to a conflict within her subconscious needs, where she wants to give vent to the years when she wasn't able to have fun like other girls. Exhibition: She also drawn to the need for attention, perhaps Lohan believes that negative publicity is better than no publicity at all. Harm avoidance: she has put a restriction order on her father because she believes he has done enough damage to her immediate family. Succorance: There is also a chance that Lindsay's behavior is actually a subconscious cry for help, after her break up with Rogan she has openly confessed that "She is Alone." Celebrities often believe that they are above the law and that rules of social conduct do not apply to them because of their identity. They also revel in the media attention that they get when they suffer from addiction and other antisocial conflicts and behavior. According to Michael Scott, who works at Sierra Tucson, a renowned drug rehab facility in Arizona "Celebrities also know that admitting to an addiction gives them good press and can get them out of bad situations, such as fights, car accidents, moments of bigotry and so forth. By focusing on rehab, they avoid depictions of themselves as sexual predators, out-of-control alcoholics or people with severe psychiatric problems". There also certain glamour attached to celebrities who die young or destroy their lives and relationship, perhaps Lindsay Lohan is

Ec3002 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ec3002 - Essay Example in several distinct ways: they increase the flow of Foreign Direct Investments, speed up the internationalization of knowledge transfer, improve and increase international trade and globalize R&D activities. Generally, a multinational enterprise â€Å"that engages in foreign direct investment (FDI) and owns or, in some way, controls value-added activities in more than one country† (Dunning & Lundan 3). This definition, however, is subject to considerable criticism, for scholars in economic studies seek to distinguish between multinational enterprises that participate in â€Å"foreign-owned production and those that have increased overseas commitments† (Dunning & Lundan 3). Nevertheless, these deviations in the definition of multinational enterprises does not have anything to do with the role which MNEs play in the processes of globalization. It would be fair to say that MNEs have already turned into the essential components of the daily economic routine. MNEs play one of the dominant roles in competitive markets and are not the last drivers of globalization in the world. MNEs increase and speed up globalization via increased foreign direct investments (FDI), increased know ledge transfer, growth of the international trade, and internationalization of R&D activities. Foreign direct investments (FDI) have already become an essential feature of the deepening economic globalization. The integration of global markets and the growing number of MNEs reflect in ever rising FDI flows (Markusen & Venables 185). The second half of the 1980s was marked with the rapid advancement of the international FDI opportunities which, obviously, became the starting point of what we currently know as globalization (Markusen & Venables 186). During the six consecutive years, the worldwide stocks of FDI almost doubled and continued to grow during the 1990s (Markusen & Venables 187). Such increase in FDI is easy to explain by the growing number of MNEs, which seek to invest their resources

Buss's Strategic Conflict Model Between Two Sexes Essay

Buss's Strategic Conflict Model Between Two Sexes - Essay Example These studies, according to Buss, provide modest support for the strategic conflict model and implicate the negative emotions of anger and upset as proximate mechanisms that alert men and women to strategic interference. Moreover, the diversity of upset elicitors discovered here (being condescending, possessive, neglecting, abusive, inconsiderate, moody, and self-centered), point to the limitations of this evolutionary model and the need to develop more comprehensive models of conflict between the sexes. At a closer look, the following observations and comments have been drawn: First, the highly selective samples of American college students and their generalizability may be limited. There is an uneven distribution of subjects, with 51 men and 56 women. Second, the reliance on self-report measures, although that has been the methodology of choice in most research examining sexual desires may not yield and objective result. Self-rating method can be bias in the sense that the subjects feelings and prejudice may interfere with the results. Moreover, the subjects have so many differences. They come from different backgrounds and have differing knowledge and perceptions of the same and opposite sexes of participants. They also differ in dating history and marital status. The ones with longer dating history may have different perceptions and experiences with those of short-term dating. The married ones, divorced, widowed and singles have definitely different experiences and maturity. In addition, this is a problematic development of upset instrument because the instrument is based on responses from undergraduates only. There is a disparity in the level of maturity compared to the lower and higher levels of actual, real-life individuals and experiences, as well as psychological make-up. Furthermore, the participants of this research are either single and in a relationship. This could lead to the responses based on the participant's imaginative capabilities. This could further cause more differences. Another bias is the partial explanation for males only, such as: Men's upset and anger about women's withholding of sex. Women are not necessarily upset and angered by the hypothesized feature of male reproductive strategy involving sexual aggressiveness. According to attachment fertility theory (Miller and Fishkin, 1997) that might argue that unattached participants were in the phase of "promiscuously" seeking potential mates in an attempt to enhance the likelihood of a good mate choice. The unattached female here can take male's aggression and may be happy with it because of the initial motivation of seeking a potential mate. Female, in this case are unfairly described. In addition, differences of features of the opposite sex's reproductive strategy or different reproductive strategy may not interfere with one's adopted reproductive strategy and thus cause conflict. Moreover, the research claims that negative emotions provide signal and reduce

Trusts and Equity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trusts and Equity - Essay Example Though since the Judicature Act came into force in 1875 the rules of Common Law and Equity are recognized and administered in the same court, yet they still remain distinct bodies of law, governed largely by different principles. Like the Common Law, the rules of Equity are judicial law, i.e. to find them we must look in the first instances to the decisions of the judges who have administered Equity. But some branches of Equity, like some branches of the Common Law, have been restated with amendments and additions in codifying Acts, such as the Partnership Act 1890.Meanwhile, Equity is adding new fields of jurisdiction. In the sixteenth century and the beginning of the seventeenth, fraud and accident especially the accidental loss of a document are regarded as matters peculiarly appropriate for relief in a Court of Equity matters which a Common Law Court cannot sufficiently deal with. Mortgages form a special subject, which the Chancellor deals with. A man borrows money and transfers his land to the creditor, making the creditor legally owner. He promises to pay on a definite date. If he keeps his promise, his land is to be returned to him; if not, it is to belong to the creditor forever. Suppose by mistake or accident he fails to repay on the day named, is it fair that he should be held to the terms of the deed? Equity says no and soon goes so far as to lay down a rule that a mortgage is a mere security for money, and something quite different from a genuine transfer of the ownership.... (Polloczek, 1999, p. 9) Though since the Judicature Act came into force in 1875 the rules of Common Law and Equity are recognised and administered in the same court, yet they still remain distinct bodies of law, governed largely by different principles. Like the Common Law, the rules of Equity are judicial law, i.e. to find them we must look in the first instances to the decisions of the judges who have administered Equity. But some branches of Equity, like some branches of the Common Law, have been restated with amendments and additions in codifying Acts, such as the Partnership Act 1890. (Geldart, 1995, p.21) Meanwhile Equity is adding new fields of jurisdiction. In the sixteenth century and the beginning of the seventeenth, fraud and accident especially the accidental loss of a document are regarded as matters peculiarly appropriate for relief in a Court of Equity matters which a Common Law Court cannot sufficiently deal with. Mortgages form a special subject, which the Chancellor deals with. A man borrows money and transfers his land to the creditor, making the creditor legally owner. He promises to pay on a definite date. If he keeps his promise, his land is to be returned to him; if not, it is to belong to the creditor forever. Suppose by mistake or accident he fails to repay on the day named, is it fair that he should be held to the terms of the deed Equity says no, and soon goes so far as to lay down a rule that a mortgage is a mere security for money, and something quite different from a genuine transfer of the ownership. (Geldart, 1995, p.31) We have the rules about the assignment of rights under contract. A owes money to B. Common Law regards this as purely a relation between A and B. B agrees with C that C shall have the right to

Student Council Essay Example for Free

Student Council Essay To our honorable principal, Mrs. Dianne Derla Atlas, to our hardworking school administrator, Mr. Raymond Go, to our lovable Student Council Adviser, Mrs. Christine Campana Go, to our faculty and staff and to my fellow collegians, a pleasant afternoon to all of you. I’m Marichelle Lubigan, a III- St. Luke student, under the supervision of Ms. Marjorie Aspuria, and I’m running for the position of secretary under VOICE Party. I First started as the English Club secretary. Being new to this campus, I didn’t even know how to start writing the minutes of the meeting. But through the help of our Club President, I survived. When the year was about to end, my sister encouraged me to join the leadership training. Luckily, I passed the screenings and made it ‘till the Leadership training. When the announcement came, I wasn’t hoping that my name will be called. I knew that there are lots of students who are deserving for that positions. It was already summer vacation when Kuya Ron texted me to go to school. When I went to school, I was surprised when I was asked to replace the Filipino Club President. I’ve learned a lot from my experiences during my first year as an SC Officer. I found myself undergoing the leadership training again. I tried my best to prove myself again. Luckily I passed, but this time, I was included to the new batch of SC Officers. I ran as the Business Manager. I wasn’t competitive enough that i will win that time because my opponent is more popular than me, Marc Ryan Clamor. When the results came, I was surprised when I won, i told myself that i won’t waste the trust you’ve given to me and for my last year as a leadership trainee, I was quite nervous for Ms. Tin told us at the screening that there are lots of first year students who are really trying their best. Many of them spoke straight English and want the position of President. When the training came, i actively participated during lectures and group discussions. During the announcement, I felt really nervous because all of the trainees were really deserving to be chosen, that is why I didn’t go to school that day. When my sister told me that I was chosen to have another chance to be an SC Officer, I was really surprised and thankful. I’m actually running for the position of treasurer, but due to the encouragement of my party mates, I’ve decided to run for secretary. The secretary is the one responsible in keeping accurate records of meetings and student activities, programs, and sessions. The secretary also writes the minutes, and takes ideas from students during a meeting. Again, I’m Marichelle Lubigan, running for the position of Secretary under VOICE party. Im hoping that I convinced you to vote for me. Vote wisely. Vote straight, VOICE Party! A pleasant afternoon to all of you. Thank you. :D.

Libyan Islamic Fighting Group

Libyan Islamic Fighting Group Introduction: The world is a place of diverse beings. The differences of each human civilization have been observed ever since the ancient times. As of today many terrorist groups are very evident from the West to the East. One of the most prominent terrorist groups is the Al Qaeda network but was debunked in the early days of 2011-2012. They are the proprietor of the 9-11 attack in the United States’ World Trade Center that has caused a worldwide uproar in the year 2001. Meanwhile, a distant relative of this Al Qaeda Network is the LIFG (or the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group). They have different views with the Al-Qaeda but some allegations say that they are connected. The objectives of this paper are to undermine the history of the terrorist group LIFG as well as the victims, and other conceptions of their attacks. The essay is limited to the entity and will not discuss any conspiracy theories further. History: The group was founded in year 1995 by the Libya nationals that are fighting against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan (in the 1980’s). Moreover, the group has a concrete objective of establishing an Islamic Government in Libya and is against the administration of Gaddafi and considers him as an anti-Muslim. This is based on a report by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service. In 1996, it was allegedly reported that LIFG was behind the assassination of Gaddafi; it was later admitted by the group later that month of February. It was later found out by David Shayler that MI6 funded the assassination. The group has been continuously attacking the Libyan security forces unitl the 1990s (NTC, 2011). They are also behind on many attacks in UK in 2002 and were allegedly included in the attacks of 2012 in America. The name change of the militant group is constant over the years. Nevertheless, they are still the same group in Libya and has the same mission with the predecessor. Acts done by the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group The LIFG is an Islamic militant organization that contradicts Colonel Muammar Qaddafis administration and is seen in action ever since in the year 1995. The militant group is very visible (in numbers) in eastern Libya, drawing upon an in number Islamic base that bolstered the Sanussi government, which governed Libya somewhere around 1951 and 1969. The Islamic group was erased after Qaddafis powers ousted the government in 1969, as Qaddafi saw them as a potential test to his control. Several senior individuals from the LIFG are accounted for to have battled in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union in the 1980s, including previous LIFG part and al-Qaeda field officer Abu Laith al-Libi and LIFG profound pioneer Sami al Saadi. It was also known that the LIFG has accepted to have been the proprietor of viciousness in eastern Libya – a district generally known as Cyrenaica – in the mid to late 1990s. Additionally, it guaranteed obligation regarding brutality against the police force in Benghazi amid July and September 1995, and were included in the wicked mobs at Abu Salim jail close to Benghazi in 1996 are 1,200 prisoners. The U.S. Bureau of the Treasury assigned the LIFG as a Foreign Terrorist Organization on December 8, 2004, referring to the bunchs contribution in a progression of suicide bombings in Casablanca in May 2003 and close linkages to al-Qaeda. The LIFG had bolster systems dynamic in the United Kingdom in the mid 2000s. In the months of February and May of 2006, British police captured nine individuals included in giving money related and logistical backing to the LIFG in Libya. It is not clear in open source reporting if such bolster systems stayed operational; while there are practically no reports of LIFG movement in the UK since the May 2006 captures, a double British-Libyan national who was captured in Libya in March 2011 asserted to have raised cash for the LIFG while living in the UK amid the last fourteen years. Al-Qaeda second-in-order Ayman al-Zawahiri discharged a sound tape declaring that the LIFG had joined al-Qaeda in the November of 2007. Abu Laith al-Libi is likewise heard on the tape, announcing his partnership with the al-Qaeda network. Several high positioning al-Qaeda individuals are connected with the LIFG, most remarkably Abu Yahya al-Libi, al-Qaedas publicity boss, and Abu Laith al-Libi, who was killed by an automaton strike in January 2008. The LIFG had all the earmarks of being generally outdated by the mid-2000s, until reports caught in Sinjar, Iraq demonstrated that more than 100 Libyans from LIFG fortresses in eastern Libya had joined al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) somewhere around 2006 and 2007. In year 2007, Saif al-Islam Qaddafi, Colonel Qaddafis second most established child, approached detained LIFG pioneers and offered to discharge LIFG contenders in return for people in general disavowal of Islamic radicalism. Saif al-Islam was worried that the late LIFG collusion with al-Qaeda and the disclosure of far reaching Libyan association in AQI demonstrated that Libya was progressively debilitated by Islamic radicalism. Starting in 2007, more than 250 LIFG individuals were discharged from jail and other implicit r ules negating al-Qaedas vicious standards was distributed by current administration (Witter, 2011). LIFG participated with the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group in planning the May 2003 bombings in Morocco, Casablanca that killed over 40 people and injured more than a hundred wounded. The Group was also involved to the 2004 attacks in Spain’s capital Madrid. Al-Faqih was tried and found guilty in the said case for his involvement in the series of suicide bombings in Casablanca, Morocco by the Morocco Rabat Criminal Court of Appeals in May 2003. It was known that the Morrocan Group initiated it and was tried in court. In March 2011, individuals from the LIFG in Ajdabiya proclaimed to the press that the gathering backings the rebellion against Gaddafis standard, and had set themselves under the administration of the National Transitional Council. They likewise expressed that the gathering had transformed its name to Libyan Islamic Movement (al-Harakat al-Islamiya al-Libiya), had around 500–600 armed men from correctional facility lately, and denied any past or present connection with Al-Qaeda. A pioneer of the LIFG, Abdelhakim Belhadj, turned into the leader of the Tripoli Military Council after the radicals assumed control Tripoli amid the 2011’s Tripoli War. Abdel-Hakim from the gathering, admit to the Italian daily paper Il Sole 24 Ore that his contenders had al-Qaeda links on March 2011. Al-Hasidi was caught in 2002 in Peshwar, Pakistan, later gave over to the US, and afterward held in Libya before being discharged in 2008. He concedes in the same meeting that he had prior battled against the remote attack of Afghanistan. Victims of the LIFG Attacks: Most victims of the group are civilians of the Libyan nation. They are considered as suspects to many bombings in the year 2003. Moreover, they have also killed many policemen in the year 1996 to issue a stronghold against the Qaddafi/Gadaffi administration. The killings are subject to debate because for the Islamic movement to kill (in the name of Almighty) is to glorify Allah. But this part of the essay aims to describe the entity of the victims by the Islamic militants’ warfare. It is evident that the attacks are in lined with their mission as an independent organization that wants to establish an Islamic State in Libya. They have been killing innocent civilians to prove that they are doing these things to have a sovereign power. This is also as an act of rebellion to the Qadaffi government. Moreover, they are reiterating that the current administration is an Anti-Muslim. The killings are quite awful in the eyes of the reporter. Several Bombings of the year 2003 which has killed over a hundred people has caused a huge uproar in the United Nations congregation. Moreover, the victims are mutilated, severely injured or died on the spot. It is not a pleasing sight according to John Mint (2004). They have also joined forces with Moroccan Islamic Group and have caused a casualty of 140 individuals There are also allegations that the group has gang raped a woman in Libya (Veritas, 2011). The woman has been severely injured (mutilated) and could not be identified in the hospital where she was taken. The face of the woman is full of carvings allegedly by a knife. The relatives of the victims most probably are devastated with what their loved ones experienced before their death. Mitigation of threat: The group has been very dynamic to its mission to establish an Islamic State that is not governed by Qadaffi. Moreover, there expansion to the international scene as having ties with high ranking officials of the Al Qaeda is very alarming. The world is now suffering from many Islamic extremist groups that has caused a huge uproar to the international scene. Just last January 2015, a Japanese national has been beheaded by the ISIS. They are an Islamic group that is all behind the uproar in Syria, Iraq and Jordan. In the early days of February another individual has been brutally killed by the ISIS a Jordanian Pilot. Whether, the LIFG is a part or associated with the ISIS the group is still bringing unfair brutal killings in Libya. It is not fair for innocent people to die in the midst of a bias conflict. However, if the group is fighting for their rights, they could have made a peaceful move rather than killing innocent people. It is quite a disgrace to their religion; for Islam is a religion of peace. All in all, the attacks of the terrorist group are condemned by many including the proponent of this essay. No one has the right to kill anybody regardless of religion or race or whatsoever. If somebody is killing because of extreme advocacy, they are not only blind but they also lack empathy. References: Witter, David B., (2011). â€Å"Libyan Islamic Fighting Group.† A Fact Sheet: Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved from: [http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/FactSheet_LIFG.pdf] Mint, John., (2004). â€Å"Victims of the Libyan 2003 Bombing.† Archived Daily Esquire News. Retrieved from:[http:www. esquirenews.com/files/2003libya.html] Veritas, V., (2011). â€Å"Woman Gang Raped and Mutilated by Libyan Islamic Fighting Group.† Retrieved from: [http://www.bestgore.com/execution/woman-gang-raped-mutilated-libyan-islamic-fighting-group/] â€Å"Foreign Terrorist Organizations-Multimedia Counterterrorism Calendar†. Nctc.gov. Retrieved2011-11-08. [http://www.nctc.gov/site/other/fto.html]

Does Fast Food Cause Obesity?

Does Fast Food Cause Obesity? Fast Food Cause Obesity The United States is a free country where we are allowed to choose and pick whatever restaurants we eat at, order at those restaurants, type of food we purchase at the grocery store, etc.Twenty percent of children in US are considered overweight or obese at age 11. It has various severe enduring effects for your health, and it is a important cause of preventable deaths in the USA. Obesity can lead to high blood pressure diabetes, and heart disease if left untreated. Even though we are living in a nation with technological advancement and great economic power we have negligible quantity of realistic nutritional facts. Currently we are existing in a territory which is plagued with obesity. Evidently, there are more than a few diverse reasons for our countrys lofty percentage of obese inhabitants. Several just dont make out how to eat healthy, which can be tougher than supposed, or might not have the time to sit down to a healthy food. Or just discover it simpler to collect something co ming home from work or school than cook. Most people today do not take out time to exercise nor do they eat healthy foods. In these days society people consume fast food further than 3 times a day. Fast food has been illustrated as food which is made in rush for people who do not have time for proper meal times. These foods are extremely trendy with the working people and students in view of the fact that they do not have sufficient time to sit and get pleasure from a complete meal course. Fast food comprises of the burgers and fries. These kinds of foods are typically made in hurry to meet the growing demand particularly throughout the rush hours. The recognition of this kind of food is hang on the reality that they are for all time ready and can be taken in a short notice as in opposition to the complete meal course where one has to set an order in advance. The total of fast food restaurants since 1990, in industry have raised in doubled, which connects to about 200,000 organizations in the USA. Surprisingly, 30 % of the population of U.S. is influenced by obesity and 15 % of kids and adolescents are as well affected. Thus there is a connection among fast food and obesity?[ Brownell, Kelly] Fast food is at the present served up at every restaurants and drive-through. The entire experience of buying fast food has turn out to be so routine, so methodically unexceptional and ordinary, that it is at the present taken for granted, like cleaning your teeth. It has turn out to be a social custom as American as a little, rectangular, hand-held, freezing, and heated apple pie. On any specified day in the United States with reference to one-quarter of the adult population stopovers a fast food restaurant. When we listen in the name of McDonald, KFC’s, Pizza Hut the water appears in our mouth as it meet all our taste prerequisites at a low down price. The fast food which is prepared from these companies is serve up commercially, which takes simply a only some seconds to accumulate, is appetizing and affordable. Other than while eating this delicious food, have we think regarding the nutritional compromises, this food include a huge amount of fats and oils, carbohydrates which can source a larger risk of hypertension, diabetes, create person fluffy and also source of cancer heart attack. Eating fast food in huge amount constructs poison in the body. So, in additional words we can state that we are procuring poison in the structure of fast food.[ Schlosser, Eric,] The majority of our towns and cities have chains of fast food located on each corner and at the similar time our newpapers, television, and radio stations are packed with commercials alluring us to trial the diverse products in proffer in these establishments. It is valued to be noted that the majority of these ads are typically directed in the direction of kids and adolescents validating the grounds why obesity amongst these groups has been on the ascend. Research which have been executed in diverse cities in America have establish out that the majority of the joints of fast food are expediently located close to colleges, schools, and offices. In a research which was carried out by National Bureau of Economic Research it was establish that school kids whose classes were merely a few blocks away from an outlet of fast food were additional expected to endure from obesity as evaluated to those whose school was only mile away from the fast food outlet. The study establish out that the overweight and obesity rate amongst these kids was 5% superior amongst those whose schools were close to fast food outlets in contrast to those students whose schools were in areas which were far away from the fast food outlets which sold this kind of food (Rabin, R 2009) Studies has establish that those families which prefer the fast food as their foremost meal for additional than 3 times in one week are at an extremely lofty hazard of developing obesity. In terms of medical, obesity has been explained as a concern of public health which is putting a lot of people at hazard of developing impediments which might direct to early on death. Obesitymeans an excess amount of body fat. If a persons body mass is no less than 20% higher than what it be supposed to be, he or she is usually deemed as obese. If persons Body Mass Index (BMI) is between 25 and 29.9 he or she is considered as an overweight. If a persons BMI is 30 or over he or she is considered as obese. Obesity has been influencing a lot of the people of American on an unconstructive scale. If prospective on how to fight this battle is changed, we will carry on to lose. Pediatricians, Parents, and even political leaders and Government are focused on promoting healthy weight in kids because obesity is becoming a huge epidemic in the United States. The fast foods are loaded in energy giving foods constructing them superior cause for weight gain amongst individuals who eat this kind of food. They are additional overloaded fats and sugars to construct them tempting to the customers, these 2 nutrients have superior calories rate as compared to additional kind of food. The reality that they are inveigled and sweetened with sugar and fats constructs the consumer to consume in huge quantities to satisfy their urge. They are as well identified to eat regularly in bits such that they do not acquire any further meal aside from these foods. This disallow them a prospect to provide their bodies with additional essential nutrients consequently being prone to obesity. Most of us do not know how much fat and grease goes into these fries and burgers and everything else, but this does not seem to usually matter to us Americans until we have reached a stage of embarrassment of, obese weight from eating our favorite fast food way too many times a week. The United States is a free country. Where we are allowed to choose and pick whatever restaurants we eat at, order at those restaurants, how a great deal food we purchase at the grocery shops, the type of food we acquire at the grocery store, etc.Twenty percent of children in US are considered overweight or obese at age 11. It has various serious long-term consequences for your health, and it is a important cause of preventable deaths in the USA. Perhaps from physical problems with an emotional attachment to foods, it could lead to compulsive overeating, Psychological problems like other factors in obesity that are recounted to obesity are not the sources, however are the consequences. The ‘enormou s psychological burden’ imposed by obesity on an individual ‘might be the severest outcome on obesity. Weight gain starts when you eat more calories than your body utilizes up. If the food you eat provides more calories than your body needs, the excess food is converted to fat. Fat cells initially, increase in size. They increase in number, when they can no longer expand. If one loses weight, the bulk of the fat cells lessens, excluding the numeral of cells do not. We start to finally realize when all fat and grease has made it straight to our body, and every other organ for that matter. Obesity in general runs in families which are sourced by shared lifestyle habits and diet.. Obesity can lead to high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease if left untreated. Even though we are living in a nation with technological advancement and great economic power we have smallest amount of nutritional practical facts. We are existing on a ground which is plagued with obesity. US health Policymakers are saying that aggressive action need to be taken to stem the growth of theobesityepidemic in the United States, which is effecting the nation’s health-care system, approaching many of Americans into an untimely death each year and endangering the lives of millions ofchildren, many of whom are or obese overweight before they enter kindergarten. Several local and state governments have recommended put into practice an excise tax on sugar-appeased drinks.[ Caraher M, Cowburn] Obesity can lead to a number of different health issues; one of the most popular is high blood pressure. One half of Americans aged 50-65 have high blood pressure, which is a rising risk factor for stroke and heart disease and two in five are obese according to Health, United States 2005 [Van Itallie ] High blood pressure is an rise in the blood amount your heart is pushing through the body with every heartbeat.Main apprehension for the overweight citizens of our state is the health problems that come from obesity, the heart problems type two diabetes, and the many lives are lost today because of obesity. There has been a dispute that fast foods do not source obesity to a certain extent than eating of extra calories than the body can devour is what directs to gain of weight. Individuals who hold this view dispute that environmental features for instance fast food consumption on a usual basis might direct to weight gain and eventually the peril of obesity however on the identical note such eating might not direct to weight gain. It has been mentioned that one can in point of fact lose weight when they are yet on such sort of diet. This can be made in the course of balancing the right amount of consumed calories in the day course and what the body eventually uses. If the body utilizes further than is typically consumed the individual will lose some weight. One of the attributes which one must deem in an endeavor to establish whether fast food in reality source obesity is to glance at the choices of lifestyle which may direct to this predicament. For instance people who have made it a practice to eat fast food for the superior fraction of their week devoid of engaging in additional physical activities will further expected append weight and possibly wind up being obese. Conversely it is worthy to note that eating of further type of food particularly those which are lower in fats will not for all time direct to problems of body weight. It is clearly apparent that people who eat fast food are at a larger risk of being obese than those who consume further type of food. (Seeman Neil and Patrick Luciani.2008) Fast food if taken devoid of self-control direct to disturbing effects, they construct children append weight; add to the risk of problems of cardiovascular in addition to diabetes. Obesity is one of the foremost predicaments connected with this sort of consumption. Consumption of Fast food has been illustrated by nutritional specialist as meager feeding in view of the fact that one does not acquire all the requisite nutrients and additional predominantly in the correct quantity. Fast foods are identified to be loaded in energy the majority of which is piled up in the body as fats make them hazardous for the consumers. Department of US of Health and Human Services (HHS) since 1980 has publishedHealthy Peoplereports every decade that: identify national health targets for ten years, encourage collaborations across various sectors, guide individuals toward making informed health decisions and measure the impact of prevention activity. The new aim could be achieved by diminishing calorie intake, increasing physical activity or both. These goals among other things include specific recommendations that address, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, nutritional labeling, the availability of lower-calorie children’s meals in restaurants, marketing of food and beverages to children, and) to monitor and track a child’s body-mass index and provide interventions using the electronic medical record (EMR]. By Telling someone to stop simply eating will not cure the obesity disease because it needs to be something that is in the genes of the person. By telling someone simply to exercise more will not cure the obesity disease because food can be used as an outlet for stress. There is no clean-cut cause of obese, so there will never be a clear cut solution either. Governments can as well aid reduce obesity, a lot of experts say, by providing farmers’ markets and supermarkets with incentives to offer healthier foods and institute their trades in small-income areas.[ Smed S, Jensen JD, Denver]. Many, local governments schools and hospitals around the country have implemented policies to reduce obesity by banning the sale and serving of sugary drinks, which are high in calories and have little or no nutritional value Conclusion A good solution to any health concerns would be to grow your own food in a garden in your yard. When you grow your own food, you know what’s going into the food, where it is coming from, and how fresh it is. Foods grown by you are usually the healthiest, too, because it is almost always a natural process.[ Dong D, Lin B.], Research which have been executed in the current past have established that fast food is the foremost source of obesity amongst the school going kids particularly in areas which fast food outlets are located close to schools or areas visited by this section of the population. In a few areas authorities have gone further on to limit opening up of outlets close to school to avert the children from over consuming these foods. This is one of the measures which must be reinforced to make certain that the kids to not over pamper in fast food divulging them to obesity. The masses must also be taught on the hazards of fast food, people must be persuaded to moderate their use to keep away from weight problems and additional complications connected with it. There are a variety of ways for promoting healthy weight in kids. We can resolve overeating of food issues at home and school. We can force our children to increase exercise and activity. For the majority children who are heavy or overweight, the safest and the majority efficient means to lose weight is to eat less andexerciseextra.. Make a chart this month to restrict fast food. You definitely do not have to slash it out altogether, nevertheless center on small improvements to the degree that you can. Just by setting your lunch a few days a week, you can use considerably less fat and calories. As it turns out to be easier for you, make extra changes. Steady changes can guide to an extensive healthy life. Health is more significant then taste as a result by increasing eating homemade food give assurance to our health by giving up consumption of fast food calories or fats and refined sugar and by eating fresh vegetables, fruits, milk and additional nutrient horded food in our daily diet. As a result, we have got to give up fast food and consume food which provides vitamins, fiber, minerals and additional protecting food to safeguard us in opposition to heart attack, diabetes cancers, and additional degenerative disorders..As it can be perceived that the food which is additionally fresh have more nutritional implication as the homemade food is always fresh includes no preservative or chemical and constructs us wealthy, healthy, and wise. At last the effect appears to be that fast food is in large or small quantity provides diseases simply in contrast that homemade food enhances our health. As a result, endeavor should be to expand eating homemade food as a substitute of junk fast food. References Currie,J Vigna,S Moretti,E and Pathania,V (2009) Effects of Fast Food Restaurant on Obesity accessed from http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~sdellavi/wp/fastfoodJan09.pdf on 26th August 2011 Seeman Neil and Patrick Luciani.(2008)XXL:obesity and the limits of shame, University of Toronto Press Rabin,R (2009) Proximity to Fast Food a Factor in Student Obesity, New York Times accessed from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/health/nutrition/26obese.html on 24th August 2011 Facilities Management: Definition and Scope Facilities Management: Definition and Scope There are many definitions and imprecations of the term facilities management. The British Institute for facilities Management (1996) defines it as: The practice of coordinating the physical workplace with the people and work of an organization, (It) integrates the principle of business administration, architecture and the behavioral and engineering sciences. As the overview of this definition (Figure 1.1) shows, facilities management represents broad ranging issues. Managing Facilities The overview of facilities Management Facilities Management Behavioral and engineering science The physical workspace People The work of the organization Architecture Business administration What value does facilities management has the hotels? If facilities management is about managing physical assets, it has considerable relevance to other hospitality businesses, as the property or the premises in which the hospitality is delivered, form a major part of the product package sold to customers. Customer needs could be for overnight accommodation, a meeting area or a restaurant meal. In each case, the physical assets will form an important part of the product. Some of the common elements required to produce the accommodation product are shown in figure 1.2. Guests might also require: A source of information (e.g. regarding to other amenities) Privacy Secretarial assistance Porter age Car- Parking Space Ramp Access Lifts Personal laundry service Sleeping facilities As can be seen, the physical assets are prominent. The list could go on. Whereas many of the identified needs of customers are tangible (e.g. the lift, the guestroom and the hot water) and relate to physical assets, other needs (e.g. security and feeling of well-being) are largely intangible. Since the accommodation forms a major part of product, even in small hotels, the capital outlay or revenue expenditure on the property is proportionately high compared with other businesses. In order for business to be conducted in a hotel, it is essential for at least certain of the physical assets to be actively managed. Although the term facilities management might not be used, elements of facilities management would need to be applied to hotels to achieve business success. The Accommodation product Appropriate heating lighting and ventilation Appropriate personal security Feeling of well-being Satisfactory standard of hygiene, safety, cleanliness, appearance and maintenance Provision for personal hygiene Food and beverage provision Design and dà ©cor Appropriate furniture, fittings, furnishings and equipment The development of facilities management A property based discipline Facilities management as a practice has its roots in the USA, where development took place during the 1980s. It is evolving from a property management, services and maintenance (including cleaning, caretaking, and waste disposal and catering) into a much more proactive, strategic role. In this role, it is also concerned with the design of property and the work environment, purchasing and future management and maintenance of the property thus, it covers a broad area of non-core activities (see Figure 1.3). Such activities could include IT Services and even human resources management. It is strategic role of facilities management which will be developed in this book. The evolution of facilities management Repairs and maintenance Cleaning and waste disposal Property purchase and design for target market Property valuation to determine use Refits to meet change or need Changes of service to meet change in demand patterns Policies on space utilization and staffing implications Policies on planned management of all physical assets From a management perspective, facilities management must consider the needs of all building users, together with the needs of others who may affect by the management of the building. The needs of the following people, therefore, have to be considered. Shareholders have an interest in business and property value and the asset value and service standards must be maintained or developed. Employees need an efficient working environment. This is conductive to high morale and to high morale and to high quality and productivity. Customers in a hotel will not only be visiting the establishment, the will, hopefully, enjoy using its facilities. Considerable expertise must go into creating an atmosphere and environment which reinforces the good image of the organization. The local community will be affected by the property. Aspects such as visual appearance, pollution, traffic (as a result of business), employment and the encouragement of local custom must be all managed. Reliable suppliers who provide consistent quality are very important to the success of any organization. They might be providing a service, staff, equipment or supplies. Partnership, strategic alliances and other agreements are some means by which this group can be managed. Recent history gives some indication as to how and why the concept of facilities management, in general, not just in the hospitality industry, has developed in the last decade and the hospitality industry, has developed in the last decade and suggest that although many of the strands are not new, the overall approach does not have a different emphasis. The various factors which may have attributed to the rise in facilities management will now be considered. The scope of facilities management Car fleet management Cleaning Construction Contract management Energy management Furniture selection Human resources Health and safety Interior design Lighting IT management Linen and laundry Maintenance Mechanical engineering Organizational behavior Project management Reprographics and design Security Space planning management Procurement and supplies management Travel management Accounts Acoustics Architecture Computer and design Factors attributing to the development of facilities management Cost reductions Fierce competition, depressed trading conditions, higher energy costs and other economic elements have forced companies to look at all means of reducing costs and maintaining the market edge. Facilities costs can be very significant. Stipanuk and Roffman (1992) estimated that a full service hotel of under 125 rooms has an average expense of 11.9 per cent of turnover for property management and energy. With costs, savstings can best be made at the design stage of buildings. The development of ideas on terotechnology (considering life-cycle costs at the planning stage) is yet another probable stimulus for the development of facilities management concepts. In response to the rising awareness of property costs, attempts have been made to forecast total ownership costs of buildings (life-cycle costs) at the planning stage. These costs would include: Initial (fixed costs) + Operating costs + Residual costs (e.g. demolition or sale). The need for flexibility Continuous change of policy, market and methods within organizations is now common. Whereas once, such decisions and changes whereas once, such decisions and changes were momentous and seen to be long-lasting, now they are considered to be more routine. At one time, there was only an occasional need for someone to oversee change whereas now that person is needed full-time. Changes related to physical assets include extending or reducing overall working space, modifying workstations to facilitate changing work methods or achieving building modifications in line with rate of churn (i.e. movement of personnel within the jobs in the building). Obsolescence related to workspace rarely, means physical delay, it often means the right fabric in the place. Such as process of change has been evidenced in hotels with relation to computerization and in restaurants as eating habits change and customer expectations of environment alter. In addition, response time needs to be fast. Downtime is wast e. Hotel rooms are a perishable commodity as those not sold twice tomorrow night. Acknowledgement of the facilities as a major resource of the business itself, often means that premises are used round the clock. Trends in the development of facilities management Many changes in recent years have been technological (e.g. building design and telecommunications). At the same time, human needs and expectations have changed and there is need to bridge the gap between the technical and human (see figure 1.6). In looking at the growth of facilities management in the UK, a number of trends become evident. Management and customer perceptions Need to change physical assets from overheads to resources Prestige Employee needs and expectations Working conditions Morale Sick building syndrome Negligence claims Need for flexibility Continuous market changes Need for responses Heavier use of facilities Cost reductions Competition Depressed trading conditions Higher energy conditions Higher energy costs Higher cost of space Need for operational efficiency Downsizing Need to focus on core competitiveness Government policies Compulsory competitive tendering Health and safety

Late Anglo-saxon Period Kings :: essays research papers fc

Late Anglo-Saxon Period Kings of Wessex By the time Edward the Martyr took the throne in 975, Christianity was widespread throughout England and the rest of Britain. Edward was born in 963, and was just entering his teenage years when his father, Edgar, died. He made a claim to the throne, as the first son of the king. His half-brother Aethelred, son of the third wife, made another claim (qtd in Britannia 1). Edward was murdered when he rode to visit Aethelred at Corfe is Dorset. Aethelred’s vassals pretended to welcome Edward, and in doing so, stabbed him. It is safe to assume that Aethelred would not have instigated this incident, being a mere seven years of age at the time. Edward was later canonized by his brother and was known as King Edward the Martyr.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Following the assassination of his brother, Edward, Aethelred was forced upon the English throne at the age of ten. Aethelred was married twice. His first wife, Elfigfu of Mercia, bore him no less than eleven children. His second marriage to Emma of Normandy produced three children. Throughout his reign as King, he was hindered by the fact that he could not fully trust the support of his generals at a time when the Danish invaders were a constant threat to the English. In an act of futile appeasement, Aethelred attempted to stop Danish cravings by paying what was known as Danegeld. Danegeld was an annual tax believed to have been imposed originally to buy off Danish invaders in England (m-w 1). In 1009, however, the King of the Danes, Sweyn, decided that as well as keeping the territory, and monies he had taken from the English, that he would now take the whole country. Four years later, in 1013, Sweyn had control of England and Aethelred had fled to Normandy to s eek protection from Emma’s brother, Robert the Good. Sweyn died in 1014 and Aethelred reclaimed the English crown for another 2 years before his death at the age of 48 in 1016.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Following the death of Aethelred, there was a bloody war of succession expected to take place between Sweyn’s son, Cnut, and Edmund II, Aethelred’s son. This war, didn’t take place, however, simply because Cnut figured he could made do with Denmark and Norway.

Survey of American History Essay -- US History

Over the course of American history many radical movements have forever changed the historical landscape of the United States of America. Since the beginning of American history, radical movements have played an important role in bringing about change in U.S. society and the U.S. relationship with other countries. They have also experienced major failures and defeats. Major concrete achievements and failures of radical movements have been present in changing the mainstream of the society since the end of WWI. Radical movements such as, labor/socialism, women’s rights, civil rights and peace have played a significant role in the development of U.S. politics and society and forever changed the past, present and future of the United States of America. The Labor/Socialism movement, supported mainly by the lower classes was a prominent radical idea that manifested itself into American society around the conclusion of WWI. â€Å"The very fact that the Soviet Union, the revolutionar y successor to Imperial Russia, was the first country to establish a Communist political and economic state was a major threat to the United States† (Brown 4). Influenced by the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, the Socialist movement gained momentum from oppressed workers and thus managed to successfully run hundreds of candidates around the nation for several decades. â€Å"The Socialist Movement was painstakingly organized by scores of former Populists, militant miners and blacklisted railroad workers, who were assisted by a remarkable cadre of professional agitators and educators† (Zinn 340). Socialism became extremely popular especially due to its endorsement by writers like Mark Twain, W.E.B. Dubois and Upton Sinclair as well its representation by Eugene Debs. With ... ... Great Society and Obama’s health care reform came into existence. Without the socialism/labor movement the civil rights, women’s rights and peace movements and their lasting impacts on society would never have happened. Works Cited Bloom, Alexander, and Wini Breines. "Takin' it to the streets": A Sixties Reader. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford UP, 1995. Print. Brown, Archie. The Rise and Fall of Communism. New York: Ecco, 2009. Print. Burkett, Elinor. "Women's Movement." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Web. 15 Dec. 2010. . Guttmann, Allen. "Protest against the War in Vietnam." The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 382.1 (1969): 56-63. Print. Zinn, Howard. A People's History of the United States: 1492-present. New York: HarperCollins, 1999. Print.

John Adams and His Roles as President Essay

John Adams was one of the leaders in the fight for American Independence. He was born on October 30, 1735. His presidency began in 1976 through 1800 and was the second president of the United States, after winning the election against Alexander Hamilton. Upon winning the election he became the Chief of State. His most notable accomplishment, as President, was to avoid a war with France, while maintaining American honor. In our opinion he did a good job of this however he was not greatly supported by the Americans at the time. John Adams was not a very popular president of his time. Being the president, and Chief Executive, Adams was allowed to choose his own cabinet. He replaced Washington’s cabinet which consisted of Edmund Randolph, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox, and William Bradford. Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts was appointed the secretary of state, Oliver Welcott of Connecticut became the secretary of treasury, James McHenry of Maryland became the secretary of war, and Charles Lee of Virginia was appointed the attorney general. It’s obvious that George Washington had a much better cabinet than Adams did. John Adam’s cabinet was not nearly as sharp or as intelligent as the one of Washington. Obviously, Mr. Adams did not do too good of a job on choosing his colleagues. Another role that John Adams endured was the role as Chief Administrator. In today’s modern world the president would be in charge of agencies such as the CIA and the FBI. In Adam’s days these agencies did not exist. Nonetheless he was still in charge of keeping the government functions running as smoothly as possible. As a believer in centralized government, he helped strengthen the Federal government. As Chief Diplomat, John Adams ran into the biggest problem in foreign policy. The French were attacking American shipping. He sent three representatives to France to try to work out differences between the French and the US government. His emissaries were met by three French representatives demanding a bribe. This became known as the â€Å"XYZ† affair. Infuriated by the absurd 250,000 bribe of the French agents Adams began to prepare for war. He first asked for a provisional army. He also asked for the officers to be commissioned and for recruiting to begin. However, he did not call for an establishment of a large, professional army. Throughout the two years that the possibility of a war had existed, Adams had made it clear to everyone that he put he put his faith in a strong navy. As commander-in-chief he decided he did not want to use the army as an instrument for defense. Adams believed that the only way France could be brought around to treat with American envoys on an even basis is if it was made clear that the Americans were prepared to fight and that they would not submit to any further humiliation. He wanted France to see that the Americans were not backing down and that they were not afraid to go to war with the nation of France. After the â€Å"XYZ affair† John Adams acted on his role as chief legislature. He responded with The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. They were designed to crush the conflict. After two years John Adams decided it would be best to reopen negotiations because war with France was not in the best interest of the United States. He signed a peace treaty with France and thereof is accredited with bringing peace between the U.S. and France. Yet another role of the president is to be Chief of Party. We believe that John Adams was a failure in leading his political party as the end of the Federalists came about because of his presidency. During Adams’ presidency, the Federalist party split up. This happened because of how much John Adams and Alexander Hamilton disliked each other. Hamilton didn’t want Adams to be re-elected, and so he critized his performance as a President. Undoubtedly, Adams lost his re-election and Thomas Jefferson, the leader of the Democratic-Republican party, won office. After Adams retirement, and Hamilton’s unfortunate death, the Federalist Party was left without strong leader and steadily grew weaker and weaker. John Adams was not a bad president. However, because of society’s selfish and impatient needs, he was made out to be the enemy. Americans blamed John  Adams for being scared to go to war, but in reality, it’s a lot easier to go to war than it is to keep peace. It’s also quite difficult to go against the majority of ones colleagues who continually pressure you to act. John Adams may not have been the greatest president because of his ambition. However, he was a much better president and showed exemplary qualities as a chief citizen than what he was given credit for. He was a brave and honorable man who gave up re-election by not going to war. It shows real honor when you can give up your own selfish needs for the good of your country. John Adams was a much better president than he was given credit for.

Life and Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley

ercy Bysshe Shelley ( /? p? rsi ? b li/2 4 August 1792 8 July 1822) was one of the major English romanticistic poets and is critically regarded as among the finest lyric poets in the English language. Shelley was famous for his association with hind end Keats and Lord Byron. The novelist Mary Shelley was his second wife. He is most famous for such classical anthology verse flora as Ozymandias, Ode to the double-u Wind, To a Skylark, Music, When Soft Voices Die, The Cloud and The masquerade costume of Anarchy, which be among the most popular and critically acclaimed poems in the English language.His major works, however, are long visionary poems which included tabby Mab (later reworked as The Daemon of the World), Alastor, The Revolt of Islam, Adonais and the naked work The Triumph of Life. The Cenci (1819) and Prometheus Unbound (1820) were striking plays in five and quaternity acts respectively. Although he has typically been figured as a reluctant dramatist, he was hot about the theatre, and his plays continue to be performed today. He wrote the Gothic novels Zastrozzi (1810) and St.Irvyne (1811) and the short prose works The Assassins (1814), The coliseum (1817) and Una Favola (1819). In 2008, he was credited as the co-author of the novel Frankenstein (1818) in a new edition by the Bodleian library in Oxford and Random House in the U. S. entitled The Original Frankenstein, edited by Charles E. Robinson. 345 Shelleys unconventional life and uncompromising idealism67, unite with his strong disapproving voice, made him an absolute and much-denigrated figure during his life and afterward.Mark duad took particular aim at Shelley in In Defense of Harriet Shelley, where he lambasted Shelley for abandoning his large(predicate) wife and child to run mop up with the 16-year-old Mary Godwin. 8 Shelley never lived to see the consummation of his success and influence although some of his works were published, they were often suppressed upon publicatio n. He became an idol of the next three or four generations of poets, including important Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite poets.He was admired by Karl Marx, Oscar Wilde, Thomas Hardy, George Bernard Shaw, Bertrand Russell, William pantryman Yeats, Upton Sinclair and Isadora Duncan. 9 Henry David Thoreaus civil disobedience and Mohandas Karamchand Gandhis passive voice resistance were apparently influenced and inspired by Shelleys non-violence in protest and political action, although Gandhi does not include him in his list of mentors. (Wikipedia)

Small-Scale Mining in the Philippines: a Case Study

minor dig (Lives at run a risk in the Filipino coin taps) INTRODUCTION sumptuous is the number adept tapral produced by the Philippines in value terms. Although primitive local anaesthetic anesthetic end product was small relative to foundation occupation, it stratified 2nd to Africa in meretricious deed per unit debark atomic number 18a in 1988 and ranked 29th as top amber manuf turninguring business in 2002(Israel and Asirot 2002). In the year 20022007, the Philippines prosperous production increased by 8. 2%. This contributed an average of 2% gross domestic product (GDP) in the equal period. The country was ranked 18th in the GFMs favorable Survey list of top 20 Gold Producing countries in 2007 (Teves 2008).The 2008 and 2009 information of the Philippine archeological commit farmers calendar showed a signifi tusht amount of coin production by the minor(ip) met eitheric tap trading operations in the country. Re portholes revealed that the sm all(pren ominal) excavation orbit contributed nigh 80% of the total luxurious production. This is equivalent to a Php32B contribution to GDP in 2007 (ibid). The sp argon-time activity 2008 and 2009 data ar based on the amount of luxurious sold to the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP). The highest amount of gold produced in the country at 28,198 kg and 26,112 kg, respectively were generated by the pocketable mines (fig. ). Local political relations hosting the sector acknowledged the assiduitys scotch contribution, as it slightlyhow provides aliment to the local union and unemployed unsettleds. There atomic number 18 some reports on the indecent impact of humble digging on the environment, health and human lives. However, query studies documenting the impact of diminished minelaying intentness on the local economy, environment, human health, public safety and the socio-cultural embodiment of indigenous peoples (IPs) in the archeological site field of battles, be l imited.The socio-political dynamics amid pocketable- scale miners and separatewise stakeholders like community and civil society organizations, regulatory bodies, the government and big archeological site companies remains undocumented. There were concerns regarding the implication of some regulatory policies on the pocket-size mine perseverance as the application of much(prenominal) allow for maintain some IP communities from accessing their properties. Furtherto a greater extent, questions arise on the real impact of the industry on poverty alleviation. several(prenominal)(prenominal) theory suggests that the underage industry may watch aggravated poverty beca apply of the s provoket(p) dominion of the industry.While frugalally signifi understructuret, pocketable gold mine has been the target of reinforced opposition in recent broad time chiefly beca usance of its heterogeneous adverse environmental and neighborly stance effects. Foremost of these is he ctogram contamination. BACKGROUND low tap (SSM) refers to minelaying by individuals, groups, families or cooperatives with minimal or no mechanization, often in the informal (illegal) sector of the market. Small-scale tap relies heavily on manual of arms labor and does non use explosives. The scope of the field of view allowed for pocket-sized dig should not exceed 20 hect ares per contractor (1991).In the Philippines, small-scale digging operators include subsistence archeological site (estimated 75%), individual or family businesses (estimated 15%) and complete commercial mining firms (estimated 10%) (Hentschel 2002). According to the unlike interviews and focus group discussions, the operation of small-scale gold mining in the country brush off be traced as early as 10th blow or dismantle since time immemorial in the north and as late as mid-ni clear upies in south Cotabato. Furthermore, numerous foreign studies already investigated the problem of quicksilver be foulment repayable to small-scale gold mining, concentrating on the experience in Brazil.High levels of quicksilver concentrations were found in the hair and blood samples ofthe miners and some other affected people as well as in fish, estate sediments and forest and river eco forms in small-scale gold mining areas of the Amazon region. In the Philippines, several studies likewise looked into mercury pollution based on the experience in Diwalwal, the largest small-scale mining site in the country (e. g. Mahinay et al. 1998, Ba rear endi et al. 1996, Breward 1996, Balce and Cabalda 1992, Williams et al. 1995). High levels of mercury pollution were found on-site as well as in the affected places downstream.Williams et al. particularisedally asserted that at that place were already considerable mercury loads in some sectors of the Agusan River, where Diwalwal drains into, and that the water samples from the mining site itself showed higher(prenominal) concentrations than those i n the other gold rush areas in the world. Although studies on the impact of mercury pollution repayable to small-scale mining were already numerous, they were mostly technical in nature. Few works touched on the frugal aspects of the problem and did so scarcely in a superficial and summary manner.So far, there is no available register that conducted an economic analysis in a more decimal pointed and quantitative elbow room in the Philippines or elsewhere. Small-scale mining is not an alpha public r chargeue-generating sector for the government at stick in because of its largely illegal nature. Viewed in a more positive light, the activity should become a solid tax base when fully license, stipulation the large number of people and economic activities pendant on it. LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS IN SMALL- cuticle MINING Laws The earlier mining law in the Philippines was Commonwealth acquit 137 promulgated in 1936.This legislation had no break dance provision for small-scale mi ning since the activity was not practiced extensively then. It took effect for m either years until the martial law era when it was amended finished chairwomanial Decree (PD) 463, otherwise known as the Mineral Resources Decree of 1974. Like its predecessor, this legislation did not execute separate provisions for small-scale mining. In 1984, PD 899 established small-scale mining as a new dimension in mineral increase and defined it as a specific activity. Succeeding orders based on this law stipulated, among others, the rules and regulations establishment he granting of small-scale mining permits and ordered the merchandising of the gold recovered through the activity nevertheless to the Central Bank and its authorized representatives. During the term of President Corazon C. Aquino, the Congress of the Philippines passed Republic Act (RA) 7076 or the battalions humble mine Act of 1991. Among its important provisions, this law established the Peoples diminished mine Progr am and described the small-scale mining areas that earth-closet be opened under it. During the cheek of President Fidel V. Ramos, RA 7942 or the Philippine Mining Act of 1995 was passed.This law stipulated that small-scale mining go out continue to be governed by the provisions of RA 7076 and PD 1899 and their implementing rules and regulations. Institutions Prior to PD 899 in 1984, no government agency managed small- scale mining since it was not described as a formal economic sector yet. Those take a coursed in the activity did so without any government interference. With the passing of the law, the MGB was given the license to administer small-scale mining. SMALL-SCALE GOLD MINING PROCESS The initial process of gold mining starts with prospecting.In prospecting, the ore quality, vein geologic formation and ore assaying are examined. An area with a good ore quality is prepared for tunneling. In tunneling, holing and drilling are done using pickaxe and shovel. Others who ca n soften it use electric malleus jacks. These initial stages of prospecting and tunneling are the expertise of the abanteros, whose knowledge of gold mining has been shaped by years of experience. In Benguet, the Ibaloi and Kankanaey miners are known Abanteros, having inherited their skills from their ancestors. Some migrant miners from the low res publicas contain in subjoinition learned the skill.In South cotabato, the abanteros came from diwalwal, monkayo, compostela Valley. Mine workers are hired to work on the tunnels. These are the ore and muck ore packers, Atraseros (ore exporters from inside the tunnel), ore washers (usually women), habal-habal drivers, horses and horse owners/guides as transporters of ores from the tunnel site to the touch area. Extracted ores are processed in the ball or rod mill industrial plant for mercury amalgamation. The tailings that beget accumulated for several weeks leave be subjected to further cyanidation in the carbonin-Pulp (ciP) Pla nt.The mercury amalgamation process allow recover 40% of gold from the ores while the cyanidation will recover up to 60% of gold, both refined right after the smelting and/or firing process. Gold produced in button shapes will be sold to licensed gold buyers. A detailed process flow is presented in the following diagram (fig. 2). POWER RELATIONS IN THE area The mine is viewed as a imagination, with various arouse key players aiming to access it and benefit from it. There are several key players in the small-scale mining industry. With respect to the mining operation, the key players include pop owners tunnel owners (individuals or cooperative and association) financiers (foreigners, migrants or local, IPs and non-IPs) the abanteros or skilled miners the mine workers which include the atraseros (ore packers and haulers) ore and sack washers (usually women and early workers) ore transporters (habal-habal drivers, horse owners or guides) affect plant workers gold traders On the trading side, gold produced by the small-mining operations are purchased by the licensed gold buyers and by and by sold to the Bangko Sental ng Pilipinas (BSP).Non-licensed traders are also present in the areas and are comm barely labeled as the dim market. Black market traders would usually reproof the community or are based in the community. Purchase price is note in the gloomy market but the miners save the cost of deportee in going to the city. Because of the savings in conveying, miners are encouraged to sell their gold to the black market. principle and enforcement of policies related to small-scale mining industry are under the tyke Mining Regulatory poster (PMRB).This is composed of the DENR- Mines and Geo Sciences Bureau (MBG) as the chairman and the Provincial Governor as the vice-chairman. The other members of the board are representatives from the SSM Association, large-Scale mining Operators and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs). In Benguet and Sout h Cotabato, a number of local officials are involved in mining either as tunnel owner, land owner or financier. This presents a conflict of quest in the midst of regulating small-scale mining and rent mines. The Abanteros are usually the ones with knowledge, skill and capability to engage financiers because of their prospecting and tunnelling skills.Financiers initially provide funds for the operation of the mine but they are expected to engage with infer slap-upists to expand the operation in the site. Venture capitalists can be foreign investors or locals who hold up the capital to infuse into the industry. Land owners, on the other hand, have the priority access over the resource, being the rightful(prenominal) claimants of the area. However, the land owners usually do not have the skills and the financial capacity to start a mine. Abanteros and financiers can negotiate with land owners to tap the resource.In some brasss, the land owners can be financiers and tunnel owner s, too. Some abanteros who have been successful in mining now act as financiers and tunnel owners some have even managed to operate processing plants. it is common to see big-time tunnel owners and financiers also operate the processing plants in the area. Normally, all plant owners have tunnels but not all tunnel owners have processing plants. Owners of small mining operations with no processing plants pay for the use of existing processing plants, depending on the number of bags processed.MERCURY taint DUE TO SMALL-SCALE MINING The Amalgamation manner of Gold Processing quicksilver gets into the picture in small-scale mining because it is the main agent use to separate the gold from the mined ore employing the amalgamation order of processing. Amalgamation is popular in small-scale mining areas since it is simple to apply and requires relatively low investment. The Carbon-in-Pulp (CIP) method acting of Gold Processing Gold can also be processed using the CIP method. This metho d can process the slurry produced by amalgamation or the mill about ore coming from the rod and ball mills directly.However, CIP is not apply widely in small-scale mining because of the high cost of investment that it requires. The Health involve of Mercury Pollution There are variant slipway by which the amalgamation method of gold processing causes mercury pollution. One way is when mercury is unintentionally spilled into the ground because of careless handling. Another is when mercury is accomplish together with other wastes into inadequate tailings ponds, or worse, thrown away directly into rivers and waterways. Still other way is when zap mercury is released into the atmosphere when the amalgam is blowtorched and refined.Once in the environment, mercury is dangerous because of its potential adverse impact on human health. In the case of water pollution, part of the mercury discharged into rivers and waterways is modify into methylmercury eaten by aquatic species and in turn consumed by people. Once inside the human body, mercury could jaunt neurological disturbances as well as problems in the reproductive and other body organs (Viega 1997a). The believably symptoms are visual constriction, numbness of the extremities and the handicap of hearing, terminology and gait.The release of mercury into the atmosphere during blowtorching also puts to risk human health. The activity is usually done in open containers and turn upd houses so the inhalation of vaporized mercury is highly possible among the people conducting it and those close by. The long-term effect of this type of exposure is the impairment of the metabolism of the human nervous system that last leads to certain neurobehavioral disturbances. The visible symptoms are the exhibition of hypertrophied emotional responses and muscular tremors and gingivitis. PROBLEMS IN SMALL SCALE GOLD MININGPollution due to Aside from mercury pollution, small-scale mining is beset with other problems tha t are also important and pick outing serious attention. These are enumerated and discussed in drawing below. Environmental Problems Cyanide Pollution Pollution due to toxic and hazardous substances other than mercury that are used in small-scale mining can also endanger human health. The highly virulent sodium cyanide used in CIP processing, in particular, could easily kill people and fish when discharged in rivers and waterways. Despite its dangers, cyanide pollution from CIP processing has not been investigated at all in any literature.A probable reason is that, unlike mercury, cyanide is biodegradable and eventually decomposes into carbon dioxide and ammonia (Yannopoulos 1991) making it potentially less harmful over time. disforestation Deforestation is a natural consequence of small-scale mining since galore(postnominal) sites are located in forest uplands. The influx of miners and their families into mining areas results to the clearing of forests for habitation office an d other human activities that causes deforestation. No study investigated in detail the impact of small-scale mining on deforestation.One likely reason is that areas covered by small-scale mining are actually very small when compared to those used for other economic activities like forestry and record (Veiga 1997b). Soil Erosion Soil erosion is some other natural consequence of small-scale mining because of the mountainous and sloped topography of many mining sites. Miners level sloping land and scrape topsoil to make rise up foundations stable for houses and other structures. They develop pathways and roads across highly sloping and erosive areas and cover productive soil with waste materials dug out of subsurface tunnels.There are also no studies that probed in detail the soil erosion effects of small-scale mining although this environmental impact is potentially large. Biodiversity handout The passing play of biodiversity due to small-scale mining is a direct after-math of deforestation and water pollution. Trees are cut atomic number 82 to receding jungles that are natural habitats of terrestrial plant and fauna. Water pollution damages the rivers and waterways that are homes of aquatic plants and animals. As in the case of deforestation and soil erosion, there are no studies that investigated this issue.Siltation and Sedimentation of downriver Water Bodies Siltation and depositary of downstream waterways occur when mine tailings and eroded soil finds their way into water bodies. They shine the viability of affected waterways as fishing grounds, recreation sites and port areas. They also contribute to flooding and hamper the competent functioning of dams and irrigation networks. Like the other environmental problems, siltation and sedimentation due to small-scale mining have authoritative scant research attention. Legal and Institutional ProblemsMining Rights Conflicts between low Miners and Large-Scale Mining Firms Many small-scale minin g areas are situated within the mining claims of large-scale companies. This situation has created conflicts between the large-scale miners on one side and the small-scale miners on the other side and prevented the smooth operations of the mining industry in general. Presence of Medium-Scale Mining Operations in Small-Scale Mining Sites Dominant presences of medium-scale mining operations have been competing for domination resulting in the significant injury of lives and deterioration of peace and order. fond Problems Worsening Social imbalance in Small-Scale Mining Areas Many small-scale miners are migrants in the areas where they mine. Hence, they find it difficult to conform neighborlyly with the local macrocosm. To some extent, vices like potomania and gambling also exist in these areas that add to the conflict. Limited Basic Services in Small-Scale Mining Areas The supply of basic work such as those relating to health and transportation and others has been limited in sma ll-scale mining communities. This has greatly exacerbated the despicable conditions and loving problems within these areas.Exploitation of Women and Children in Small-Scale Mining Women and children are engaged in the gathering of ores inside tunnels and even in processing which are activities suited only for grown- up men. Although small-scale miners deny this, key informants and eyepiece inspection in the two case study areas confirmed this problem ECONOMIC PROBLEMS Low price for Gold Received by Small-Scale Miners Small-scale miners sell their gold to the tunnel owners, processors or to other traders instead of directly to the Central Bank or its representatives.Key informants reported that underpricing of gold often occurs in these market channels and this contributes to the silly economic conditions the miners are in. Loss of Gold by the Country Due to punishable Gold Trading Because small-scale miners sell their gold not to the Central Bank but to various buyers, the m atter government loses great amounts of gold to the detriment of the entire economy. Lack of Formal Sources of Credit for Small-Scale Miners There is lack of formal sources of credit for small-scale miners in times of need or for start an substitute occupation.This forces them to borrow from the tunnel owners, processors, traders and unscrupulous money lenders who exploit them by charging higher interest rank or buying their gold at low prices. Lack of Alternative or Supplemental drill Opportunities for Small-Scale Miners Small-scale mining is the only physical exercise opportunity for many miners. Few have an alternative occupation like farming. Also many miners have been in mining for an average of 10 long years, which further confirms their lack of alternative employment. Technology-related ProblemsInefficient Technologies employ in Small-Scale Mining The technology used in ore extraction and gold processing results to light ore takings and gold recovery in small-scale m ining. The poor ore and gold output performance has been confirmed by national and local key informants. Unsafe Technologies Used in Small-Scale Mining The unsafe techniques and procedures used in the mining of ore, such as poor timbering support, poor ventilation, and other practices have resulted to cave-ins and other accidents that modify or took away the lives of miners.CONCLUSIONS The conflicting policies on resource extraction/development versus environmental protection and weak governance as indicated by the absence of local regulations threaten the environment and public health. The negative impacts of small-scale mining activities have been observed in many of these communities. Poverty and the attractiveness of immediate money from the mining industry attract children and women to work in the mines. These come across women and children to hazardous chemicals and unsafe mining practice.Small-scale mining contributes to the local economy through job creation, increasing ec onomic activity in the communities. There is a need for the development of sound policies and laws to balance economic development and environmental sustainability. Strong enforcement of laws is a must. However, the conflict of interest of local officials who are in charge of regulation and governing the community and who also have interests in mining operations poses a threat in the strict enforcement of laws in the communities. RECOMMENDATIONS Mercury PollutionA review will show that the existing laws and regulations related to mercury pollution in small-scale gold mining are fairly adequate but monitoring and enforcement is weak. To repair on monitoring and enforcement, the following actions are suggested * Licensing by the LGUs of all small-scale gold mining and processing operations within their jurisdiction and imposition of social status in a cooperative as a licensing requirement. * Earmarking of the licensing proceeds for the establishment and operation of a small-scale mining monitoring and enforcement unit within the watchfulness framework of LGUs. Development of an effective internal system within cooperatives that will force the proper use of hand gloves, mercury retorts and tailings ponds in small-scale mining. * nimble involvement of NGOs and other responsible members of the local population in monitoring and enforcement by selectively deputizing them. * strengthen of the Small-Scale Mining Section of the Environment and guard duty Division of the MGB * Concerted effort by the national government, LGUs and NGOs to conduct education and awareness campaigns on mercury pollution. Involvement of international organizations in the fight against mercury pollution particularly in the promotion of technologies that can prevent or minimize it. * Serious musing of the promotion of the CIP method of processing for small-scale mining Other Environmental Problems The national government should compact detailed studies on cyanide pollution, deforesta tion, soil erosion, biodiversity release and siltation and sedimentation in small-scale mining areas. ground these problems will go a long way toward finding their appropriate solutions.For the time being, the government must do go in monitoring and enforcing minded(p) laws so that the problems are minimized. Legal and Institutional Problems The government should prioritize the early gag rule of conflicting claims between small-scale miners and large-scale miners. One way of conducting this is to create dialogues between the two parties with the government as supreme authority to find an amicable solution. Key informant from the large-scale firms in the two case study areas explained that generally they are actually open to a negotiated settlement that can buy peace, goodwill and cooperation within their claims.Social Problems The social instability in small-scale mining is inbuilt in places where many of the population are poor and migrants. Improving the economic status of the people can help a lot to decrease the instability. This could go through when small-scale mining becomes a fully licensed activity and accepted as part of the economic mainstream. The provision of better basic social services will also help alleviate the take economic conditions and ease a lot of the social tensions. The exploitation of women and children is not confined to small-scale mining since it is prevalent, especially in the underground economy.The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) should take a imminent look at this problem and devise ways to minimize it. Again, improving the economic lot of the miners will help curve the exploitation of women and children. The conduct of effective programs which can provide guidance and counselling to mining families will also promote compliance by the miners to the laws against exploitation. Economic Problems The problem of low price receive for the gold by the small-scale miners will be addressed to a large exte nt when they are organized into cooperatives.As a group, they can negotiate better in the market or pay for the transportation cost to sell gold in hatful to the Central Bank. The Central bank should consider displace up buying stations in the more important mining sites. This will not only help the miners economically but also lower significantly the amount of gold lost to the black market. Technology-Related Problems The problems of inefficient and unsafe technologies are part and pathway of small-scale mining as long as the miners remain poor.Economic conditions force them to use said technologies since they cannot afford to employ more sophisticated and costly ones. Sources * Mercury Pollution Due to Small-Scale Gold Mining in the Philippines An Economic Analysis http//dirp4. pids. gov. ph/ris/rps/pidsrp0202. pdf * A Background Study on the Small-scale Gold mining Operations in Benguet and South Cotabato and their invasion on the Economy, the Environment, and the Community h ttp//bantaykita. ph/pdfs/Small%20Scale%20Mining. pdf * querier News Online http//newsinfo. inquirer. et/305986/small-scale-miners-sell-less-gold-due-to-bsps-7-tax http//newsinfo. inquirer. net/338689/13-men-in-quezon-clash-met-gold-miner http//newsinfo. inquirer. net/343869/gold-miner-says-he-didnt-betray-siman http//business. inquirer. net/106807/miner-sets-aside-digging-turns-to-planting-cacao http//newsinfo. inquirer. net/359389/sleepless-miner-recounts-seeing-friends-buried-alive-2 http//newsinfo. inquirer. net/362277/police-arrest-19-small-scale-miners http//newsinfo. inquirer. net/362687/execs-say-arrests-halted-mindoro-illegal-